The overall low number of apprehensions and drug seizures attributed to drone surveillance on the border raise new questions about the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of the unmanned Predator drones deployed by the Department of Homeland Security.
Even if the numbers of pounds of seized marijuana and of illegal immigrant border crossers were much higher, the same questions might be asked given the failure of DHS to make a strong case that cannabis and immigrants threaten the security of the homeland.
Yet another problem with the border drone program is that the declared numbers are carelessly formulated by Customs and Border Protection and by its Office of Air and Marine. What is more, it’s unclear whether the number of apprehensions and seizures CBP/OAM does disseminate are entirely attributable to UAV surveillance.
First, it’s not clear whether the cited seizures and arrests are
solely attributable to drone surveillance.
CBP and OAM officials have been ambiguous about this. Most agency media
releases say that Predator surveillance “has led” to the reported drug seizures
and immigrant apprehensions.
Yet other media releases and CBP statements to congressional
oversight committees fudge the role of the drones, saying only that drones
“contributed to” or were “involved” in the actions that led to the seizures and
arrests.
Second, CBP is careless in providing its numbers of arrests,
seizures, and flight hours, raising questions about the veracity of the
numbers.
The Dec. 27 media release
refers to the seizures and arrests during so many drone flight hours – 12,000
hours of drone flight-time since 2005.
But CBP/OAM has over the past year given the media, Congress, and
this writer the same arrest and seizure numbers (46,600 pounds of narcotics and
7,500 apprehensions) for varying numbers of reported hours flight-time – for
10,000, 11,500, and mostly
recently 12,000 hours of drone air time.
CBP/OAM’s numbers game also includes variations of the numbers of
arrests and seizures for the same number of flight hours. Celebrating
reaching 10,000 hours of drone air time in June 2011, CBP/OAM released a press
statement asserting that the those 10,000 hours of “UAS Predator operations
have resulted in the apprehension of 4,865 undocumented aliens and 238
smugglers; the seizure of 33,773 pounds of contraband.”
Setting aside questions about why CBP/OAM can’t get its current
numbers straight, the integrity and value of the drone program are also called
into doubt by the unimpressive rate in the increased number of drug seizures
and immigrant apprehensions reported by the agencies since 2006.
As more Predators are added to the CBP/OAM fleet, the rate of
arrests and seizures has dropped dramatically.
Crash and Burn
CBP deployed its first Predator drone in October 2005. Manufactured
by General Atomics in the San Diego area, the Predator drone also came with a
General Atomics technical team and pilot to operate the drone.
If evaluated against the total numbers attributed to the border
Predators since 2005, the quantity of marijuana seized and the number of
immigrants apprehended during the first six months of border drone surveillance
are outstanding.
When announcing that it was purchasing its second Predator, CBP
said that “during its operational period” its first Predator flew 959 hours and
supported 2,309
arrests, contributed to the seizure of four vehicles, and the capture of 8,267
pounds of illegal drugs.
That operational period was from October 2005 to April 2006, when
the Predator crashed in the Arizona desert near Nogales.
Crash investigators from the National Transportation Safety Board
found that the contract pilot shut off the drone’s engine when he thought he
was redirecting the drone’s camera. As Major General Michael Kostelnik, who
directs OAM, explained to the Border and Marine Subcommittee of the House
Homeland Security Committee, “There was a momentary loss link that
switched to the second control” -- and the Predator fell out of the sky.
The safety board issued CBP 17 safety recommendations to address
deficiencies in OAM’s drone program.
CBP/OAM has not, however, estimated the cost of this strategy. Nor
have the agencies reported on the cost of the program thus far. A review of DHS
purchasing reveals that the department spent $242 million in drone contracts
with General Atomics.
The crash didn’t deter CBP/OAM, which has steadily increased the
homeland security drone fleet – which now includes seven Predators and two more
expensive maritime variants called Guardians, also manufactured by General
Atomics. By 2016 CBP hopes to deploy a fleet of 24 Predators and Reapers
protecting the homeland.
A recent report by the Government Accounting
Office on
CBP’s high-tech border-security programs noted that the UAVs have
“significant infrastructure costs with the highest cost risk.” Yet DHS
continues to burn through its ever-expanding border security budget without apparent
concern for cost-effectiveness or aptness in pursuing the DHS counterterrorism
mission.
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