tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35425007585833350732024-02-19T08:54:51.929-07:00Border LinesTransBorder Project, Center for International PolicyTom Barryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04737814362191331533noreply@blogger.comBlogger473125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542500758583335073.post-28424389871112952322016-08-29T18:05:00.002-06:002016-09-21T17:29:28.482-06:00TransCanada Crosses the Sierra Tarahumara <i style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;"><br /></i>
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<i style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">TransCanda gas pipeline construction project in Sierra Tarahumara near Divisadero and rim of Barrancas del Cobre<br />/ Photo Tom Barry</i><br />
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TransCanada is blading a 50-ft.
swath across the Sierra Tarahumara – one of the most rugged, inaccessible
regions of Mexico. The energy transfer and story corporation is clearing a path
of natural destruction to lay a 30-inch gas pipeline. <o:p></o:p></div>
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When completed, the pipeline
will carry natural gas – a product largely of hydraulic fracturing (fracking) –
from U.S. drilling fields. Connecting with the Tarahumara Pipeline that runs
from the U.S.-Mexico border to south of Chihuahua City, the new TransCanada
pipeline – Encino-Topolobampo Pipeline--will channel U.S. gas surpluses across
the Sierra Tarahumara to fuel new electricity -generating plants on the west
side of the mountain range. <o:p></o:p></div>
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In Mexico, TransCanada
operates with the blessing of the Mexican government. As Mexico has opened up
its energy market to foreign investors and foreign energy, TransCanada has jumped
in with $5 billion in energy-infrastructure investment. The new gas pipeline
across the mountains and canyons of the Sierra Tarahumara in the border state
of Chihuahua is one of more than two-dozen gas pipelines or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">gasoductos </i>that are being constructed
across northern and central Mexico. <o:p></o:p></div>
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In the United States,
TransCanada became known as a dirty-energy company because of its project to
build the Keystone XL Pipeline. The Keystone XL Pipeline would have pumped
carbon-heavy crude oil from Canadian oil sands across mid-America to energy
refineries on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Under pressure from
environmentalists from around the world, the <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2015/11/06/statement-president-keystone-xl-pipeline">Obama
administration denied</a> TransCanada permission for the controversial pipeline
project, noting that it wouldn’t serve U.S. national interests and would
contribute to global climate change.<br />
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In contrast, the Mexican
government argues that the TransCanada project in the Sierra Tarahumara and the
many other transnational and transregional <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">gasoductos
</i>serve the country’s national interests and reduce carbon emissions. Most
observers agree with the government’s argument in favor of a massive network of
U.S.-sourced <i>gasoductos</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Advocates of
transferring U.S. natural gas to Mexico point to the relatively low cost of
natural gas imports, the absence of dependable Mexican gas production, and the
advantages of converting the country’s generating plants from coal and oil to
cleaner natural gas.<br />
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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Neither in the United States
nor in Mexico has there been much public discussion or policy debate about the rapidly
changing transborder energy market. Mexico’s new tapping of U.S. gas reserves
has precipitated a frenzy of pipeline construction both in the United States
and in Mexico. For the most part, the new U.S.-Mexico pipelines cross sparsely
inhabited arid regions in the Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts. As such the massive construction projects have sparked little public reaction.</div>
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<i>- Tom Barry</i></div>
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<i> Photo of the Tarahumara Pipeline / FERMACA Pipeline </i></div>
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<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS 2.0" href="http://RSS_Feed_URL" /></div>Tom Barryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04737814362191331533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542500758583335073.post-16940978291301750402016-02-03T15:26:00.002-07:002016-02-03T15:26:51.379-07:00Electricity Across the Border<div class="MsoNormal">
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(The following is an excerpt from the introduction o forthcoming
TransBorder Policy Report.)<span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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The national electricity
system in Mexico is undergoing a radical overhaul. Proponents assert that the
reform will ensure a more fiscally and environmentally sustainable system. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The market-oriented reform enjoys
widespread support because of the embarrassing dysfunction of the government-owned
grid. Electricity prices, losses because of faulty infrastructure, losses from
theft, and annual budget deficits make Mexico’s electricity system one of the
most expensive and least efficient in the developed world. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Political and populist
pressures have created a clunky system burdened by exorbitant subsidies. What
is more, electricity generation has long been dependent on especially dirty
fuels, notably low-quality coal and oil. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The future of electricity
generation, transmission, and service is uncertain as the government opens up
all facets of the electricity system to private companies, including foreign
corporations such as General Electric. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The reform of Mexico’s
national electricity system has been the subject of little public attention,
political dispute, or congressional debate. Rather than being introduced as a
separate bill, the Peña Nieto administration folded the proposed liberalization
of the electricity system into the national energy reform bill, which became
law in December 2013. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The contentious debate over
the highly controversial energy reform focused on Mexico’s oil sector, which
since the late 1930s has been managed by the state-owned Petróleos Mexicanos
(PEMEX). The nationalization of foreign oil companies by President Cuauhtémoc
Cárdenas and the subsequent creation of PEMEX were among the most heralded
accomplishments of the post-revolutionary regime controlled by PRI political
party. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The PRI controlled Mexico for
seven decades, losing the presidency to the National Action Party (PAN) in
2000. In December 2012, the PRI -- with Enrique Peña Nieto as its presidential
candidate -- reassumed its position as ruling party after two <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sexenios</i> (6-year terms) by PAN
presidents. Although traditionally opposed to the privatization and free market
ideas advocated by the conservative PAN, the PRI since the 1980s has
increasingly advocated the liberalization of the Mexican economy through free
trade agreements and the transfer of state-owned corporations to private
investors. <o:p></o:p></div>
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President Peña Nieto’s
proposed liberalization of the national energy system counted on near-total
support of the nation’s two largest political parties, namely PRI and PAN. As
expected, the reform – which for the first time substantially opened the
industry to private (including foreign firms) investment and control –
encountered strong opposition from the left parties, principally PRD and the
newly constituted MORENA, as well as from the powerful and shamelessly corrupt
PEMEX workers’ union STPRM.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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The government of President
Enrique Peña Nieto promises that the liberalization of Mexico’s national
electricity system will increase efficiency and lower prices. But the sordid history
of the liberalization of other previously state-owned sectors –most notoriously
banking, mining, communications, and railways in the 1980s and 1990s – justifies
some skepticism.<span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS 2.0" href="http://RSS_Feed_URL" /></div>Tom Barryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04737814362191331533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542500758583335073.post-74795963119544983862015-08-14T17:41:00.000-06:002015-08-14T17:41:04.494-06:00Sonora's Water Warriors All On Losing Side<div id="E31" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E31" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
<span class="qowt-font3-TimesNewRoman" id="E32" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E32" style="display: inline; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Tinos, 'Baskerville Old Face', 'Bell MT', serif !important; font-size: 22pt; font-weight: bold; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-U5_diz65hhZR629-oXaOLEqg0oQ4tXh8gPR95hj6zNl27-qiTxDPgFfAF76y2fGRo2NsUg6fsK31SgbJ9FiCCbWjlOG58qbsRJ9Cp4PGMbs-Eooi9hjb2WJV3viHHA08gxaGT9s10Od8/s1600/padres+at+noviio+periodi+digniatl.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-U5_diz65hhZR629-oXaOLEqg0oQ4tXh8gPR95hj6zNl27-qiTxDPgFfAF76y2fGRo2NsUg6fsK31SgbJ9FiCCbWjlOG58qbsRJ9Cp4PGMbs-Eooi9hjb2WJV3viHHA08gxaGT9s10Od8/s640/padres+at+noviio+periodi+digniatl.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<div id="E37" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E37" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
<div id="E38" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E38" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
<span class="qowt-font3-TimesNewRoman" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E39" style="display: inline; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Tinos, 'Baskerville Old Face', 'Bell MT', serif !important; font-style: italic; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Governor Padrés at pumping station for Independencia aqueduct on Novillo Dam / Government of Sonora</span></span></div>
<div id="E38" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E38" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="qowt-font3-TimesNewRoman" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E39" style="display: inline; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Tinos, 'Baskerville Old Face', 'Bell MT', serif !important; font-style: italic; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
<div id="E38" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E38" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="qowt-font3-TimesNewRoman" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E39" style="display: inline; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Tinos, 'Baskerville Old Face', 'Bell MT', serif !important; font-style: italic; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
<div id="E38" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E38" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="qowt-font3-TimesNewRoman" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E39" style="display: inline; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Tinos, 'Baskerville Old Face', 'Bell MT', serif !important; font-style: italic; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
<div id="E38" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E38" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="qowt-font3-TimesNewRoman" id="E39" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E39" style="display: inline; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Tinos, 'Baskerville Old Face', 'Bell MT', serif !important; font-style: italic; white-space: pre-wrap;">“The water conflict in Sonora will not be the last of these conflicts over water that we will see in Mexico. But it certainly is a new warning of what is coming.” </span></div>
<div id="E40" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E40" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div id="E41" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E41" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
<span class="qowt-font3-TimesNewRoman" id="E42" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E42" style="display: inline; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Tinos, 'Baskerville Old Face', 'Bell MT', serif !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">- Ivan Restrepo</span><span class="qowt-font3-TimesNewRoman" id="E43" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E43" style="display: inline; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Tinos, 'Baskerville Old Face', 'Bell MT', serif !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><span class="qowt-font3-TimesNewRoman" id="E44" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E44" style="display: inline; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Tinos, 'Baskerville Old Face', 'Bell MT', serif !important; font-style: italic; white-space: pre-wrap;">La Jornada</span><span class="qowt-font3-TimesNewRoman qowt-stl-EndnoteReference" id="E45" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E45" style="display: inline; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Tinos, 'Baskerville Old Face', 'Bell MT', serif !important; font-size: 16pt; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 0; line-height: 0; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap; zoom: 0.75;"></span></div>
<div id="E47" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E47" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
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<div id="E48" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E48" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E49" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E49" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Five years ago a plan for a new water megaproject -- </span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E50" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E50" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">aqueduct</span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E51" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E51" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> transferring water from the Yaqui River to the capital city of Hermosillo -- ignited a water war in the border state of Sonora. The conflict divided the arid northern Mexican state into two diverse and bitterly opposed pro- and anti-aqueduct alliances– with all the diverse contenders claiming that justice and the rule-of-law were on their side.</span></div>
<div id="E-12" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E-12" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E-13" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E-13" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
<div id="E-34" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E-34" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E-35" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E-35" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Intermittent blockades of Sonora's main north-south highway by Yaqui anti-aqueduct militants continue. And the anti-aqueduct ¨No al Novillo¨ coalition gained national support from an array of environmental organizations, anti-water privatization groups, and indigenous solidarity organizations as well as by many progressive intellectuals. Yet the forces in favor of hydraulic solutions to the water demands by the state's leading economic sectors and by the state capital of Hermosillo have prevailed. </span></div>
<div id="E-3995" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E-3995" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E-3996" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E-3996" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
<div id="E52" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E52" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div id="E53" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E53" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E54" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E54" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">On the most basic and superficial level, the transfer of water from the Río Yaqui to Hermosillo (which lies in the depleted Río Sonora/Río San Miguel water basin) was a determination that emerged from the democratic process. In the Mexican political tradition in which governors and presidents launch megaprojects to shape the legacy of their </span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E55" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E55" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; font-style: italic; white-space: pre-wrap;">sexenios </span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E56" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E56" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">(six-year governing periods), Governor Guillermo Padrés Elías launched the Sonora SI water infrastructure program a few months after his term began in late 2009. </span></div>
<div id="E-4064" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E-4064" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E-4065" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E-4065" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></div>
<div id="E-4083" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E-4083" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
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<div id="E-4035" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E-4035" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
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<div id="E-4049" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E-4049" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span id="E-15588" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E-15588" style="display: inline; font-weight: bold; white-space: pre-wrap;">PAN State-National Dominance and Dissolution</span></div>
<div id="E57" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E57" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div id="E58" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E58" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E59" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E59" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">A leading member of the National Action Party in Sonora, Governor Padrés could count on support of then-President Felipe Calderón and the federal agencies under the control of the PAN government in Mexico City. In launching this program of water megaprojects, the new governor was also renewing a history of massive, often badly </span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E60" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E60" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">planned hydraulic projects in Sonora dating back to the early 1940s and continuing into the early 1990s. </span></div>
<div id="E62" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E62" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div id="E63" is="qowt-word-para" named-flow="FLOW-932" qowt-eid="E63" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E64" is="qowt-run" named-flow="FLOW-933" qowt-eid="E64" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">The water war began in early 2010 when Guillermo Elías Pádres, the new governor of Sonora, announced his plan for the Independencia aqueduct as part of array of water-distribution infrastructure </span></div>
<div is="qowt-word-para" named-flow="FLOW-932" qowt-eid="E63" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" is="qowt-run" named-flow="FLOW-933" qowt-eid="E64" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">projects. The water for Hermosillo comes from a dam in the middle Yaqui River basin, whose official name is </span></div>
<div id="E65" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E65" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E66" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E66" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Presa Plutarco Elías Calles. But it is best known as El Novillo, the name of village in the eastern </span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E-15987" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E-15987" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; font-style: italic; white-space: pre-wrap;">municipio</span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E-15988" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E-15988" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> of Soyopa.</span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria qowt-stl-EndnoteReference" id="E67" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E67" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 0; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap; zoom: 0.75;"></span></div>
<div id="E69" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E69" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div id="E70" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E70" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E71" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E71" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">The dam and reservoir did increase the water available for irrigation and helped diminish flooding down river. But like most major dams, El Novillo displaced hundreds of people from small towns in the mid-basin of the Yaqui River, and these families continue to demand that the federal government compensate them adequately for losing their land and livelihoods.</span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria qowt-stl-EndnoteReference" id="E72" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E72" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 0; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap; zoom: 0.75;"></span></div>
<div id="E74" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E74" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
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<div id="E75" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E75" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E76" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E76" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">The announcement by the state government, with the close collaboration of the federal government, would begin construction of the Independencia aqueduct set off a new configuration of political forces in Sonora based on accelerating tensions between the Valle del Yaqui and Hermosillo. </span></div>
<div id="E77" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E77" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
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<div id="E78" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E78" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E79" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E79" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">With PAN and the Hermosillo-based PRD largely supporting the Sonora SI megaprojects including the highly controversial Independencia aqueduct, leading figures within the PRI (which was the leading opposition party both in Sonora and nationally), particularly those based in the Yaqui valley, joined the widening opposition to aqueduct. </span></div>
<div id="E80" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E80" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
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<div id="E81" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E81" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E82" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E82" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">The a leading faction of the Yaquis -- an indigenous people legendary throughout Mexico for their fierce resistance to Spanish and Mexican attempts to usurp their water and occupy their </span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E83" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E83" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">homeland -- formed the militant vanguard of Yaqui Valley anti-aqueduct alliance. </span></div>
<div id="E85" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E85" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
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<div id="E86" is="qowt-word-para" named-flow="FLOW-934" qowt-eid="E86" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E87" is="qowt-run" named-flow="FLOW-935" qowt-eid="E87" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Citizens Water Movement, based in Ciudad Obregón in southern Sonora, counted on the economic and political clout of the agribusiness sector of the Yaqui Valley. But from the beginning the Yaqui and their allies in the anti-aqueduct campaign were fighting a losing battle. Arrayed against them were the aqueduct’s </span></div>
<div is="qowt-word-para" named-flow="FLOW-934" qowt-eid="E86" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" is="qowt-run" named-flow="FLOW-935" qowt-eid="E87" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">governmental sponsors along with the residents and industries of Hermosillo, which </span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E88" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E88" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">are</span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E89" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E89" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Sonora’s state capital and most populous city.</span></div>
<div id="E90" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E90" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
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<div id="E91" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E91" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E92" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E92" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Aside from the power dynamics of the water war, each side is emboldened by strong convictions of entitlement -- with those raising their voices saying “No al Novillo” or “Sí al Independencia” all believing that they had law, reason, and justice on their side. </span></div>
<div id="E93" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E93" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
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<div id="E94" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E94" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E95" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E95" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">The north and south highway blockades, where the toll highway passes through the Yaqui town of Vicam north of Cd. Obregón, formed the frontlines of the Yaqui water war (and the continuing although diminished Yaqui protests). Despite tremendous economic and political pressure to let the traffic and commerce flow freely, the Yaquis together with their allies in the “No al Novillo” coalition refused to accede, keeping up the blockades even when summer temperatures soar to 110 or 120 degrees or more. This water war also played out on numerous other fronts, each of which sheds light on the shadows that obscure and diffuse the rule of law and democratic governance in Mexico. </span></div>
<div id="E96" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E96" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
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<div id="E97" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E97" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E98" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E98" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; font-weight: bold; white-space: pre-wrap;">Enough Water to Go Around?</span></div>
<div id="E99" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E99" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
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<div id="E100" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E100" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E101" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E101" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">The two opposing sides of the Yaqui water war look at the three dams on the Yaqui River quite differently. The pro-aqueduct “Agua Para Todos” forces, mainly based in government and business in Hermosillo, look at the map of Sonora and see the three largest </span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E102" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E102" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">expanses of surface water in the state situated behind these dams on Yaqui River. </span></div>
<div id="E104" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E104" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
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<div id="E105" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E105" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E106" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E106" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Independencia backers</span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E107" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E107" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> point to the years of above-average precipitation or periods after the summer monsoon rains. At those times, the reservoirs sometimes capture more water than their cement curtains can contain, obligating CONAGUA and state water managers to release excess water and allowing water to flow into the Gulf of California. </span></div>
<div id="E108" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E108" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
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<div id="E109" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E109" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E110" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E110" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">For the agribusiness and industrial sectors of the Hermosillo area and for the city’s domestic water consumers, images of the Yaqui River running into the sea -- as it did before the damming of the river – amounts to a sacrilege, a waste of fresh water in arid land. Voices that note that the health of the Mar de Cortés and its estuaries depend on these flows of rich river water are not part of the water debate in Sonora. </span></div>
<div id="E111" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E111" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
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<div id="E112" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E112" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E113" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E113" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Coursing through their campaign to support the Independencia aqueduct is a sense of injustice that Sonora’s largest rive</span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E114" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E114" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">r is not more equitably shared.</span></div>
<div id="E115" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E115" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
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<div id="E116" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E116" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E117" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E117" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">What aqueduct opponents find so infuriating is that Hermosillo has neither cared for its own water basin nor prioritized the domestic consumption of the water of the Hermosillo </span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E118" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E118" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; font-style: italic; white-space: pre-wrap;">municipio</span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E119" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E119" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">, where only 2% of the water is for human consumption while 84% goes to agribusiness in the Costa de Hermosillo and elsewhere in the municipio. While the Novillo-Hermosillo conflict has focused on water flows of the Yaqui River, there has only been passing attention to issues of waste, distribution efficiency, and conservation either in the Yaqui Valley or in Hermos</span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E120" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E120" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">illo. As much as 40% in Hermosillo’s municipal water distribution is lost through leaks that often go unrepaired for days or weeks. Nicolás Pineda Pablos, a professor of public policy at the Colegio de Sonora observed that “the </span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E121" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E121" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">management problem is worse” than the problems posed by the actual supply of water. Prioritization is also a core management problem of limited water resources, according to Pineda. Water managers in Hermosillo or in state government have done virtually nothing to decrease water flows to agribusiness in any of the agribusiness centers of Sonora. “If you want to have big-city growth, you can’t also have agriculture,” Pineda told the </span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E123" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E123" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; font-style: italic; white-space: pre-wrap;">New York Times</span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E124" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E124" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria qowt-stl-EndnoteReference" id="E125" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E125" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 0; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap; zoom: 0.75;"></span></div>
<div id="E127" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E127" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
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<div id="E128" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E128" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
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<div id="E129" is="qowt-word-para" named-flow="FLOW-896" qowt-eid="E129" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E130" is="qowt-run" named-flow="FLOW-936" qowt-eid="E130" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">In the Yaqui Valley, leaders of the anti-aqueduct campaign opposition insist water in each river basin should remain in that basin. What’s </span></div>
<div is="qowt-word-para" named-flow="FLOW-896" qowt-eid="E129" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" is="qowt-run" named-flow="FLOW-936" qowt-eid="E130" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">more they dispute the notion that there is more than enough water in the Yaqui River basin to regularly supply Hermosillo with 30 Mm</span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E131" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E131" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 0; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap; zoom: 0.75;">3</span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E132" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E132" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 0; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap; zoom: 0.75;"> </span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E133" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E133" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">to</span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E134" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E134" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 0; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap; zoom: 0.75;"> </span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E135" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E135" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">75 Mm</span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E136" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E136" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 0; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap; zoom: 0.75;">3</span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E137" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E137" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> of river water. While not disputing the assertion that the monsoon season can sometimes deliver more rain than the dams can manage, the Yaqui Valley Irrigation District points to the many years in recent decades when the Angostura, Novillo, and Oviáchic reservoirs were far from capacity. </span></div>
<div id="E138" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E138" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div id="E139" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E139" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E140" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E140" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">In 2013, for example, the reservoirs on the Yaqui River held 44.9% of their capacity in late June. But ten years previously (2003) the reservoirs contained just 9.2% of their capacity at the same time of the year -- with El Novillo holding just 8.1% of its capacity. Leading figures in the “No al Novillo” coalition have conceded that during wet years there might enough water to channel 75,000 Mm</span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E141" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E141" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 0; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap; zoom: 0.75;">3</span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E142" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E142" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> to Hermosillo. But in dry years, which are increasingly common, the water consumers in the lower Yaqui River basin would experience severe water shortages, they contend. </span></div>
<div id="E143" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E143" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
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<div id="E144" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E144" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E145" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E145" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">The State Water Commission, arguing in favor of the Novillo-Hermosillo aqueduct, contended that even if the aqueduct annually transferred the maximum 75 Mm</span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E146" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E146" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 0; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap; zoom: 0.75;">3</span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E147" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E147" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> of water to Hermosillo, this would represent 2.5-3% of all the water in the river basin. </span></div>
<div id="E148" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E148" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
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<div id="E149" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E149" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E150" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E150" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Such arguments fail to persuade opponents, who countered that the river was already over-committed and such estimations didn’t consider such factors as increasing and more prolonged droughts, evaporation losses, and unknown quantities of unregulated water extractions by mining companies, ranchers, and farmers.</span></div>
<div id="E151" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E151" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
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<div id="E152" is="qowt-word-para" named-flow="FLOW-937" qowt-eid="E152" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E153" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E153" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Both sides in the Yaqui water war took to citing provisions of Article 27 of the Mexican Constitution and national water law. </span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E154" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E154" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">The “No al Novillo” campaign noted that national water law, as enshrined in the constitution, considers a water basin as an autonomous unit of property and water that should be managed by a council of basin stakeholders. </span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E155" is="qowt-run" named-flow="FLOW-938" qowt-eid="E155" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">What they don’t readily acknowledge, however, is that </span></div>
<div is="qowt-word-para" named-flow="FLOW-937" qowt-eid="E152" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" is="qowt-run" named-flow="FLOW-938" qowt-eid="E155" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">such basin councils are rare, and, furthermore, there are many cases of inter-basin transfers of water, including in the Mexico City region. </span></div>
<div id="E156" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E156" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
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<div id="E157" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E157" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E158" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E158" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Governor Padrés brandished what has been a winning pro-aqueduct argument for most Sonorans, namely that “Water is now for all Sonoroenses, and not longer for just a few.” It is an argument that resonates with the Mexican Constitution’s guarantee (albeit far from the reality) of potable water access for all Mexicans. Even as support for the governor plummeted in late summer 2014, public support (outside of the Yaqui Valley region) for the governor’s projects to dam and transfer water to water-poor urban and rural areas was little affected -- although the support came coupled with demands that these projects abide by the rule of law.</span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria qowt-stl-EndnoteReference" id="E159" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E159" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 0; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap; zoom: 0.75;"></span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E161" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E161" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
<div id="E162" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E162" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
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<div id="E163" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E163" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E164" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E164" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">The city’s commercial, construction, industrial, and agricultural elite and their associations stood at the forefront of statewide campaign in favor of the Novillo-Hermosillo aqueduct. The pro-aqueduct campaign also counted on the support of the State Water Commission (CEA) and Conagua, which provided most of the funds for the aqueduct. </span></div>
<div id="E165" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E165" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
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<div id="E166" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E166" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E167" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E167" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recognizing that government pro-aqueduct propaganda, along with the imposition of the will and power of the state government, wasn’t enough to dissuade the opposition, the Padrés administration began loosening the state government’s purse strings (along with those of federal grants) to create a legal facade for the draining of the Yaqui River. Typical of Mexico’s governance practices, CEA staring buying water rights from small landholders along the middle Yaqui river basin as well as offering payouts to valley producers who would agree, at least rhetorically, to yield their water rights.</span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria qowt-stl-EndnoteReference" id="E169" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E169" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 0; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap; zoom: 0.75;"></span></div>
<div id="E171" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E171" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
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<div id="E172" is="qowt-word-para" named-flow="FLOW-899" qowt-eid="E172" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E173" is="qowt-run" named-flow="FLOW-939" qowt-eid="E173" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Although CEA led the publicity campaign justifying the transfer of water, the state water commission had the firm backing of CONAGUA during the Calderón administration. In a July 2010 visit to Hermosillo, President Calderón gave the presidential blessing to the </span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" is="qowt-run" named-flow="FLOW-939" qowt-eid="E173" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">assertion by CONAGUA that it had secured almost 52 Mm</span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E174" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E174" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 0; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap; zoom: 0.75;">3 </span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E175" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E175" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">of water from the Yaqui river basin that were not accounted for or distributed and which could therefore be transferred through the planned aqueduct.</span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria qowt-stl-EndnoteReference" id="E176" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E176" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 0; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap; zoom: 0.75;"></span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E178" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E178" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
<div id="E179" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E179" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
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<div id="E180" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E180" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E181" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E181" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">According to CONAGUA, this available Yaqui River water could be used to meet “the basic needs of the city and permit its development.” After the Calderón </span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E182" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E182" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; font-style: italic; white-space: pre-wrap;">sexenio</span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E183" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E183" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> ended</span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E184" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E184" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">, CONAGUA became pronouncedly more</span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E185" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E185" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E186" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E186" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">distant from Padrés and CEA. But the federal government under President Enrique Peña Nieto continued granting funds for Sonora SI projects, including aqueducts and dams.</span></div>
<div id="E187" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E187" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
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<div id="E188" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E188" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="qowt-font5-Cambria" id="E189" is="qowt-run" qowt-eid="E189" style="display: inline; font-family: Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Tinos, serif !important; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Handing out government funds -- which remain largely unaccounted for -- did create a flimsy legal facade for the transfer of water rights to Hermosillo. Moreover, other government payouts to those who would express support for the aqueduct created divisions in the Yaqui valley, including among Yaquis themselves -- particularly those with a history of working for state government programs. </span></div>
<div id="E190" is="qowt-word-para" qowt-eid="E190" style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Arimo, 'Microsoft Sans serif', sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
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<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS 2.0" href="http://RSS_Feed_URL" /></div>Tom Barryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04737814362191331533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542500758583335073.post-36010424084646725702015-08-14T17:24:00.003-06:002015-08-14T17:24:56.832-06:00PRI and Sonora's Water Wars<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The ¨No al Novillo¨/ Sonora SI that gripped the state for most of the Padrés Elías years as governor have proved to be a diversion from a serious public reflection on the state's water future and the sustainability of its economic development models -- especially agribusiness, mining, and uncontrolled urban growth in desert regions. </span></div>
<b id="docs-internal-guid-39b1a0c7-2e83-14db-56bc-83697a44fa72" style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The new PRI government of Governor Claudia Pavlovich will likely try to pacify Yaqui militancy and to build new alliance with the more conservative social and economic sectors of the Yaqui Valley by unleashing the party's well-practiced patronage schemes. Sonora SI will likely be dismantled but not the water megaprojects it sponsored. Yet the ability of the new PRI regime to consolidate control and power -- and to count on popular support -- in Sonora will be severely tested. </span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">For one thing, the PRI government of Peña Nieto is in ruins for an array of political, economic, and legal reasons. Making matters worse is the state of finances in Sonora -- with the outgoing PAN officials having effectively depleted the state treasury, leaving the state with an unprecedented public debt. The capacity, therefore, of Governor Pavlovich to put the state together again with party favors and handouts is limited. Just one sign of the chaotic state of Sonora's finances is the failure of the State Water Commission to pay the small farmers along the Yaqui River who supposedly sold their water rights as part of a plan that would allow CEA, CONAGUA, and Sonora SI to claim that there was enough water in the Yaqui River to supply Hermosillo through the new aqueduct. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As the new PRI administration takes control of Sonora, it will surely face new water wars and new water crises. Looking back over the forces that shaped the water battlegrounds of the past five years may help illustrate the challenges that lie ahead for the Yaquis, Hermosillo, and water users throughout the state.</span></div>
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<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS 2.0" href="http://RSS_Feed_URL" /></div>Tom Barryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04737814362191331533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542500758583335073.post-48104767286995271102015-08-13T14:00:00.001-06:002015-08-13T14:00:43.795-06:00Water Wars and Megaprojects in Sonora<h1 class="ttl" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(193, 193, 193); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #00467f; font-family: BebasNeueRegular, sans-serif; font-size: 1.83em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.02em; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 9px 0px 2px;">
Water Wars</h1>
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August 10, 2015 | <a href="http://www.ciponline.org/research/publications/category/report" style="color: rgb(0, 70, 127) !important; text-decoration: none;">Report</a></div>
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By <a href="http://www.ciponline.org/about-us/experts-staff/tom_barry" style="color: rgb(0, 70, 127) !important; text-decoration: none;">Tom Barry</a></div>
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<a href="http://www.ciponline.org/images/uploads/publications/Water_Wars_TB.pdf" style="color: #628417; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Download PDF</a></div>
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The Mexican border state of Sonora is expanding its hydraulic society in the face of climate change, an escalating water crisis, and indigenous opposition.</div>
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This Center for International Policy investigative and policy report examines Sonora’s water crisis and the faltering condition of the state’s hydraulic society—a society largely shaped by and dependent on governmental water projects. A close look at the controversy over a new aqueduct pumping water from the Yaqui River illustrates the new water tensions that societies on both sides of the border are experiencing and underscores problematic and unsustainable responses to the water disaster developing across the transborder West. The first part of the report examines the issues directly associated with the Yaqui water war, while the second part examines the mining boom and impacts on the Sonora and Yaqui Rivers. </div>
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<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS 2.0" href="http://RSS_Feed_URL" /></div>Tom Barryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04737814362191331533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542500758583335073.post-37587124826112688202015-07-31T14:08:00.000-06:002015-07-31T14:08:14.586-06:00Wars, Resistance, and Division in Yaqui River Valley<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: 26.6666660308838px;"><i><u>Sonora Chronicles</u></i></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: 26.6666660308838px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 20pt;"><b>Wars, Resistance, and Division<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 20pt;"><b>in Yaqui River Valley</b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 20.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: x-small;"><i>Anti-aqueduct blockade at Estación Vícam, Yaqui flag, and an anti-aqueduct meeting in 2013 involving anti-aqueduct governors and voceros Mario Luna and Tomás Rojo. Photos by Tom Barry</i></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: 26.6666660308838px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">Over the past four centuries, the
Yaqui have routinely suffered the loss of their land, water, and autonomy
despite fierce resistance. Throughout Mexico, the militancy of the Yaqui in the
face of Spanish, U.S. and Mexican incursions and occupations is legendary. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">Even in Sonora, where the Yaqui
have suffered campaigns of removal and extermination, they have achieved iconic
status. Sculptures and images of Yaqui deer dancers are found everywhere in
tourism promotion, on state highways, and on state buildings. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">The persistence of Yaqui
demands for independence and of their resistance to attempts by investors and
colonizers to occupy the Yaqui valley led to these military campaigns to
eliminate the Yaqui. The wars against the Yaqui, especially during the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Porfiriato</i> (1876-1910), were, in effect,
ethnocide campaigns. It wasn’t until a decade after the Mexican Revolution
(1910-1917) that the Yaqui resistance was finally crushed in the revolutionary
government’s 1926-1929 military campaign. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria;">In 1977, noted Mexican historian Héctor
Aguilar Camín observed:</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria;">It is likely that
Yaqui history from 1876 to 1930 could have been written as if the Mexican
Revolution never happened. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Porfiriato</i>
or revolution, the repression of the Yaquis was driven by the same historical
forces and even a similar social context. It was a process in which
‘civilization’ yanked the tribe from the most fertile lands in Sonora and broke
their resistance with a war with mercy whose goal was eradication and
extermination.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria;">[i]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">Novelist and historian Paco Ignacio Taibo II, who wrote
the recent book <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Yaquis: Historia de una
guerra popular y de un genocidio en México (</i>Yaquis: History of a Popular
War and Genocide in Mexico), said: “Through all the years I have spent
exploring Mexico’s past, I have found infamous and tragic stories but of them
all, the history of the Yaquis is at the same time the worst and the most
glorious.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">Ciudad Obregón, which emerged
as the center of the anti-aqueduct coalition, was named in honor of the
revolutionary general and president Álvaro Obregón— but the original name of
the settlement was Cajeme, the name the war name of the Yaqui leader Jose María
Leyva. Cajeme led the Yaqui resistance against the Porfírio Díaz regime until
he was executed in 1887. Cajeme remains the name of the<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>county that includes Ciudad Obregón and several Yaqui towns. As
president of Mexico, Obregón (who was born in the Mayo delta) played a key role
in opening the Yaqui valley to foreign agricultural investors. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria;">Survival and
Pacification<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">By some measures, the Yaqui
have fared better than other indigenous people in Sonora and elsewhere in
northern Mexico. Dozens of other native groups no longer exist or whose small
numbers presage eventual extinction. Today, about 30,000 Yaquis inhabit the
Yaqui Valley, roughly the same number the Jesuits encountered in the early
1600s. Other Yaqui live scattered throughout Mexico and the United States,
including the Yaqui community of Pascua outside of Tucson.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria;">From a certain
perspective, the Yaqui have emerged over the centuries as victors since they
first repelled the Spanish. Their victories— maintaining their language,
gaining rights to a large part of their traditional homeland, and winning
guarantees of their rights to half of the water flowing in the upper Yaqui river
basin— set them apart from most other indigenous communities in Mexico.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria;">[ii]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a> One
has only to witness a meeting of Yaqui communities presided over by their <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">gobernadores</i> (governors) in their native
Cahitan language to appreciate their endurance and determination. They maintain
rights to one of the most coveted farming regions of northern Mexico despite
the long history of occupation, including deportation campaigns, massacres, and
enslavement in rubber plantations of Chiapas. </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">But
survival is a low measure of success. </span><span style="font-family: Cambria;">Relative to dominant <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mestizo
</i>and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ladino </i>(white elite) Sonoran
society, the Yaqui are a marginalized people whose future prospects are grim.
Unemployment is more than 70%, and 85% of Yaquis are impoverished. Few Yaqui
have more than sixth-grade education. Infectious diseases, cancer, skin rashes,
and digestive disorders run rampant through Yaqui communities. Many factors
explain the social marginalization and impoverishment of the Yaqui people,
mirroring more or less the same desperate circumstances facing most of Mexico’s
indigenous population. But socioeconomic studies aren’t necessary to identify a
central factor in keeping the Yaqui on the margins of the economic development
that surrounds them.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria;">______________________________________________</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="normal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria;">Socioeconomic Overview of the Yaqui in Sonora</span></b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="normalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">●<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria;">70% unemployment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="normalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">●<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria;">96% have incomes
less than $450 monthly.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="normalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">●<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria;">More than 90%
have electricity in homes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in;">
<div class="normalCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">●<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria;">More than 90%
have access to piped but not purified water.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria;">Since the late
1930s,</span><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria;"> the Yaqui have generally acceded to the
government’s modernization projects. The pacification of the Yaqui dates back
to the initiatives of the Lázaro Cárdenas administration (1934-40) that
included dams, agrarian reform and nationalization of foreign enterprises. Key
to the government’s success in pacifying the Yaqui were two decrees by
President Cárdenas: 1) granting the Yaqui title to 5,500 square kilometers
(3,418 miles)<sup> </sup>of land, stretching from near Ciudad Obregón north to
Guaymas; and 2) granting the Yaqui rights to half of the water to be captured
by the La Angostura dam and reservoir. </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria;">As anthropologist
Tonatiuh Castro Silva noted: “The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cardenista</i>
restitution of Yaqui territory in 1937-40 constituted a dike against an
eventual armed rebellion.” But the “inconsistency” of the state’s position with
respect to the Yaqui, he observed, with respect to both land and water rights,
has amounted to a major deception that might lead to social explosion. Castro
observed that Yaqui land rights have been violated, the promised “half of La Angostura
never came,” and the Yaqui River is nothing but puddles— and no longer deserves
to be called a river.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria;">[iii]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border: none; padding: 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt; width: 6.5in;" valign="top" width="468">
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria;">While
the anti-aqueduct focus was on the PAN administration of Governor Pádres (and
initially of President Calderón), the PRI has been the political party
responsible for the water problems facing the Yaqui. Although the PRI
government decreed that the Yaqui would have their own land and water, the
government never took the necessary measures to ensure that the Yaqui would
benefit from these decrees. Instead, the main beneficiaries have been the
non-Yaqui farmers (large and small landholders) who have appropriated the
water and occupied or rented Yaqui land. Never did the various PRI
administrations help the Yaqui implement an agricultural development plan
with agronomists, marketing experts, and infrastructure support.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria;"><br /></span></div>
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<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria;"><o:p>Y<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">aqui women and men gather in Estación Vícam to attend anti-aqueduct meeting. Photos by Tom Barry</span></i></o:p></span></div>
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria;">The
construction of the Oviáchic dam by President Miquel Alemán’s administration
helped consolidate the irrigation system using the Yaqui River directed to
support the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">yoris </i>or non-Yaqui.
Other major assaults on Yaqui water resources by PRI governments in the 1980s
and 1990s took the form of the massive unregulated extraction of surface
water from La Angostura reservoir for the then-government owned copper mining
operations near Nacozari and the federal government’s funding of a battery of
wells to feed the Yaqui-Guaymas aqueduct.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria;">PRI
governments— at both federal and state levels— bear primary responsibility
for undermining Yaqui unity through various so-called development and modernization
projects that leveraged existing differences among the Yaqui into a defined
schism between leadership factions commonly described as the traditionals and
the modernizers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria;">The
metaphorical chisel that drove open this split was a government development
trust called the Program of Integrated Technical Assistance for Yaqui
Communities (PATICY). Those Yaqui who became financially associated with
program officials became known as “Los Paticys,” who not only became PRI
partisans but also created competing leadership factions within Yaqui
communities.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria;">While no longer a
defined faction among the Yaqui, the PATICY legacy of dual leadership helps
explain the divisions and tensions within Yaqui communities— as well as close
association of many of the most influential and more educated Yaqui leaders
with the PRI.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="background: white; font-family: Cambria;">[iv]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a>
</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria;">Illustrative of Yaqui acceptance of projects that
adversely affected their land and water rights was the 1991 agreement by the
Yaqui leadership to permit the construction of the Yaqui-Guaymas aqueduct. In
exchange for the promises that the government made to provide Yaqui communities
with potable water, the Yaqui leadership, with minimal dissent, consented to a
CONAGUA-funded project to drill a battery of water wells on Yaqui land to
supply water to water-starved Guaymas, Empalme, and San Carlos. So when the
federal, state, and local governments proceeded with plans for the Yaqui
Valley-Guaymas aqueduct in the 1991, there was only scattered opposition</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria;">.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria;">For the most
part, the Yaqui communities have access to piped water. But the water is not
purified, and is contaminated with agrochemicals, arsenic, and nitrates.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Simply because there are water pipes, it
doesn’t mean that water flows to Yaqui households. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria;">One third of
those interviewed reported that there was never enough water— a problem that
always gets worse during droughts. Referring to decades ago, Yaqui people
interviewed by Colegio de Sonora researchers said: “Before there was never
shortages of water but no longer. Now we have to struggle for water. It is
contaminated with arsenic [according to the Instituto Tecnoloógico de Sonora],
and isn’t drinkable. We lack water in our homes and in our communities, and it
is for the lack of water [in the river and in the overexploited aquifer] there
are hardly any trees anymore.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn5" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria;">[v]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria;">The Mayo people
echoed Yaqui complaints about water availability and quality. They said that
they now need to buy water to ensure that they don’t get sick, and that all the
water in the wells, river, and irrigation canals is contaminated. In dry times,
they claimed that the aquifer shrinks and that the water pipes get clogged with
dirt.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria;">Another finding
of the Colegio de Sonora report on indigenous communities and water was a
condition that is readily observable in the deltas of the Colorado River (the
traditional homeland of the Cucapás), Yaqui River, and Mayo River. “What stands
out is access to land, which has fallen under the dominance of an
agroindustrial type of development.” They note that water is the cross-cutting
theme of indigenous survival and identity in Sonora.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="normal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Cambria;">In marked contrast to the construction of
the Yaqui Valley-Guaymas aqueduct, the Yaqui and the members of the Yaqui
Valley Irrigation District reacted immediately and in unprecedented unity to
the announcement of the planned Novillo-Hermosillo aqueduct.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria;">The Citizens Water
Movement, based in Ciudad Obregón in southern Sonora, counted on the economic
and political clout of the agribusiness sector of the Yaqui Valley. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">The north and south
highway blockades of Vícam formed the frontlines of the Yaqui water war.
Despite tremendous economic and political pressure to let the traffic and
commerce flow freely, the Yaqui together with their allies in the “No al
Novillo” coalition refused to accede, keeping up the blockades even when summer
temperatures soar to 110 or 120 degrees or more. The militant Yaqui opponents
of the aqueduct have continued the traffic blockades despite the unfavorable
court rulings and the deflation locally and nationally of the anti-aqueduct
movement and coalitions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">This water war also
played out on numerous other fronts, each of which sheds light on the shadows
that obscure and diffuse the rule of law and democratic governance in Mexico. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<!--[endif]-->
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[i]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Cited in Adolfo
Gilly, “Sonora La nueva guerra contra los<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yaquis,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La Jornada</i>, Feb 215,
2015, at: http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2015/02/25/opinion/020a1pol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[ii]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Among the major
armed Yaqui rebellions were those of 174041,1764-67, 1825-33, 1840, 167-68,
1889-91, 1912-3 1918-19, and 1927-28. See Tonatiuh Castro Silva, “Las
persistencia de la nación yaqui entre anhelos y despojos,” Sonora
Biodiversidad, June 4, 2013.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[iii]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Sonora
Bioversidad, at:
http://sonoradiversidad.blogspot.com/2013/07/la-persistencia-de-la-nacion-yaqui-un.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref4" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[iv]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-highlight: white;">For a view of PRI’s
historical role with the Yaquis, see: Marcelino Pérez Arenas, ¿Quién inició los
conflictos por el agua?, July 2013, at: </span><a href="http://www.infocajeme.com/noticias.php?id=23329"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-highlight: white;">http://www.infocajeme.com/noticias.php?id=23329</span></i></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-highlight: white;">. </span></i><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-highlight: white;">Also: Tonatiuh Castro Silva, “La
persistencia de la nación yaqui : un anhelo, infinitos despojos,” July 10,
2013, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sonora Diversidad</i>, at:
http://sonoradiversidad.blogspot.com/2013/07/la-persistencia-de-la-nacion-yaqui.htm</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref5" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[v]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Luque et al, p.
81. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS 2.0" href="http://RSS_Feed_URL" /></div>Tom Barryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04737814362191331533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542500758583335073.post-10513697119197620212015-07-30T17:28:00.000-06:002015-07-30T17:42:11.166-06:00Yaquis Lose Water War to Hermosillo and CONAGUA<h3>
<i><u style="font-weight: normal;">Sonora Chronicles</u></i></h3>
<h3>
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Introduction to Border Water Crisis Report </span></b></h3>
<h3>
<b><span style="font-size: large;">from Center for International Policy</span></b></h3>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<div>
View of water-short Hermosillo (top), and of the empty Abelardo Rodríguez reservoir on the city's eastern edge. Photos by Tom Barry</div>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">Across the arid
U.S. West and Southwest, enthusiasm for traditional hydraulic solutions -- from
damming rivers, pumping diminishing groundwater reserves, and delivering
distant water -- through aqueducts, is waning. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">Higher
temperatures, prolonged droughts, and the long-term dysfunction of hydraulic
infrastructure make radical reforms in water policy necessary. Community and
government planners are advocating for more sustainable solutions to the
spreading water crisis, including voluntary and enforced conservation,
groundwater pumping regulation, and more efficient water-distribution systems
in the city and countryside. </span><span style="font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">The
transboundary region of the North American Southwest is
a mostly arid or semi-arid region that hosts North America’s four major deserts—
the Chihuahuan, Great Basin, Mojave, and Sonoran Desert.[1] The great arid lands
and deserts of North America don’t stop at the boundary line between Mexico and
the United States, with the Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts extending deep into
Mexico. Similarly, the transboundary water basins and rivers, including the
Yaqui River, flow across the international border.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">Northern and
north-central Mexican states face the same threats and fears regarding their
water future. To varying degrees, most Mexican cities and rural areas are
seeing traditional supplies of water become less reliable. Yet despite warnings
by environmental organizations and scientists, politicians and governmental
officials are meeting water crises with the traditional solutions of hydraulic
societies, or societies that have been traditionally reliant on water transfer
techniques. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">Nowhere is this retrograde response as evident as in the border
state of Sonora. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6KWe7U65KcX-l1uvXA6mOKNhNRt6ouK-WdbiE_UyFSo1-MokSZat99N4UOw9RrhqNEqkkRVuHIy2ISO3r2UBjrjVTTcD5Stu8WatvgehyXWlKX10bIviYQkq9sTqylVrWxrkNRdIRS6jK/s1600/P1100300.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6KWe7U65KcX-l1uvXA6mOKNhNRt6ouK-WdbiE_UyFSo1-MokSZat99N4UOw9RrhqNEqkkRVuHIy2ISO3r2UBjrjVTTcD5Stu8WatvgehyXWlKX10bIviYQkq9sTqylVrWxrkNRdIRS6jK/s640/P1100300.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPIqNSUbRliJ2j3uhp3w0Q31oT-6SfY62K5iHoPHOD_0lvoL7V_LmeVZT_zLwbP-_9u112eiuslMlupNh72iBc5M7YRqoGf94jYJ-NG1-lNc7gHCw0dwtXx-uHRu8v21wt7Noi6yoCaZbV/s1600/P1100289.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPIqNSUbRliJ2j3uhp3w0Q31oT-6SfY62K5iHoPHOD_0lvoL7V_LmeVZT_zLwbP-_9u112eiuslMlupNh72iBc5M7YRqoGf94jYJ-NG1-lNc7gHCw0dwtXx-uHRu8v21wt7Noi6yoCaZbV/s640/P1100289.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAM3AueqfjRcZqBzCwafSyN3S9qBOLTaafJAonT2ZfV-FBp38P42N-NSXZuwi0OZ9nwA8zD3XXU_S_LXGc0E-yBzNvFgJd8iBh_LqA1dOlPugEEB64erT6MCcvYvzDG3L1jTvEXWdq3EOj/s1600/P1100293.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAM3AueqfjRcZqBzCwafSyN3S9qBOLTaafJAonT2ZfV-FBp38P42N-NSXZuwi0OZ9nwA8zD3XXU_S_LXGc0E-yBzNvFgJd8iBh_LqA1dOlPugEEB64erT6MCcvYvzDG3L1jTvEXWdq3EOj/s640/P1100293.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Small farmers and <i>ejidatarios</i> see wells go dry and formerly watered land turn to dust as Hermosillo and agribusiness suck all groundwater and river flows. Photos by Tom Barry</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: 20pt;"> </span>Temperatures
in Hermosillo, the capital of Sonora, and the Yaqui Valley are regularly rising
to record highs. Water basins, notably the Sonora River Basin on which
Hermosillo has traditionally depended, are severely depleted. To the west of
the city, great extensions of the coastal plains that for four decades were
dedicated export-focused agribusinesses now lay abandoned— poisoned by salt
residues, and subsiding and cracking as the result of grossly unsustainable
groundwater extraction. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria;">For the past five
years, a conflict over water has divided Sonora into contending alliances. In
2010, Sonora’s newly elected governor, Guillermo Padrés Elías, with financing
from the National Water Commission (CONAGUA), proposed an array of water
megaprojects supervised by a new bureaucracy, Sonora Integrated System (Sonora
SI). The most controversial project was the Novillo-Hermosillo aqueduct, also
known as Independencia, a 155-kilometer project that is transferring water from
the Yaqui River in the mountainous west into the heart of the Sonoran Desert.
The Independencia project has ignited perhaps the most prominent of the water
wars in the transborder West. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">Many indigenous communities have
been adversely affected by these government-supported megaprojects. The
Independencia project would displace and contaminate parts of the desert inhabited
by the Yaqui, an indigenous tribe that fiercely resisted Spanish and Mexican
occupations. After the governor’s proposal, the Yaqui took their place at the
vanguard of the “<i>No al Novillo</i>”
opposition campaign. Their intermittent blockades of Highway #15— western
Mexico’s main north-south highway— attracted national and international news
coverage. The government’s disregard for the rights of the Yaqui sparked a
national solidarity campaign on behalf of the Yaqui that included other
affected communities, dozens of nongovernmental organizations, and Mexico’s
left, including the Zapatistas in Chiapas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">Meanwhile, the Pilares dam being constructed across
the Mayo River by Sonora SI and CONAGUA threatens a less-known indigenous
people. The Guajiríos are among those most adversely impacted by the Pilares
dam. This diminishing group of deeply impoverished native people inhabit small
settlements along the western Sierra Madre in southeastern Sonora and
southwestern Chihuahua.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">Mexico would do
well to look how the breakdown of hydraulic solutions is playing out to its
north, given how much it has modeled the modernization of its own arid frontier
territories on the U.S experience. Despite the fortified border, U.S. society
and economy remain intricately linked to Mexico, especially the border states
like Sonora— a principal source of minerals, produce, and industrial products
(like Ford vehicles manufactured in Hermosillo) and home to hundreds of
thousands of U.S. residents. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">A closer look at the contributing causes of the Yaqui water
war may point out ways to avoid other water wars and possible ways to resolve
the lingering issues left unresolved by this complicated dispute over the
remaining water resources in the border state.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div>
<!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="edn1">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria;"> William deBuys, <i>A Great Aridness, Oxford University Press</i>, 2011.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS 2.0" href="http://RSS_Feed_URL" /></div>Tom Barryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04737814362191331533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542500758583335073.post-64908934015028610972015-07-29T15:25:00.001-06:002015-07-29T15:57:07.942-06:00Toxic Tourism in Sierra Tarahumara<b><i><u>Chihuahua Chronicles</u></i></b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Toxic Tourism</b><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(Published by the <i>Boston Review</i> at:http://bostonreview.net/world/tom-barry-tarahumara-mexico-tourism)</span><br />
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<span style="color: #494949; font-family: Georgia; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><o:p><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Tarahumara boy who lives next to sewage drainage from a luxury hotel on rim of Barrancas del Cobre near Divisadero, and garbage dump used by Divisadero hotels on land excavated by state government for its tourism park. Photos by Tom Barry</span></i></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #494949; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: .3pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">According to Mexican tourism officials,
magical experiences and eco-adventures await those who travel to the remote
mountains and canyons of the Sierra Tarahumara in the border state of
Chihuahua. They also assure tourists that they will be safe and that the native
Tarahumara people are the major beneficiaries of the government-sponsored
tourism industry.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #494949; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: .3pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Tarahumara, who call themselves Rarámuri (roughly, the
“running people”), have a different view of the government’s <i>megaproyecto</i>.
While they initially welcomed the plan to attract more tourists to visit this
spectacular but hard-to-access region, they now regard the project as another
threat to their survival—along with the current gold-mining boom, massive
illegal logging, drug-trafficking gangs, and the intrusions of mestizo
ranchers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #494949; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: .3pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Barrancas del Cobre (Copper Canyon)
tourism megaproject, named after the six immense copper-hued canyons that cut
through the Sierra Madre, has been in the works since the mid-1990s. New roads,
a large airport, and an adventure park located on the scenic rim of the
Barrancas are now open; still to come are luxury hotels, a golf course, and an
aqueduct that will pump water to the tourist complex.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #494949; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: .3pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In 1995–96 Mexico received funding from the
World Bank and Inter-American Development Bank to help jump start the project.
According to the federal tourism ministry, the project would improve the
conditions of the deeply impoverished people who have inhabited the area since
centuries before the Spanish conquest.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #494949; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: .3pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">With their colorful dress, primitive living
conditions, crafts, and resistance to acculturation, the Tarahumara were the
centerpiece of official plans to develop the tourism industry. State and
federal governments teamed up to create and promote “magical routes” into the
hamlets, or “magical towns.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #494949; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: .3pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Such highway signs might be dismissed as
nothing more than fodder for vacationers. But Mexican tourism promoters aren’t
the first to find the Tarahumara magical. In the mid-1930s, surrealist Antonin
Artaud observed, “These are people who defy the time, who do not recognize our
reality, and instead draw magical powers from the mistrust they have for our
civilization.” Even those who miss the magic and power of the Tarahumara are
not immune to the natural marvels of their homeland, where the mountains are
high and the river gorges are deeper than the Grand Canyon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #494949; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: .3pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">By some measures, the tourism project has
been a terrific success. Hotels are brimming; travelers line up at the
adventure park for bungee jumping and cable-car and zip-line rides into the
canyon. But as the number of tourists grows, the promised benefits are being
questioned by the Tarahumara and nongovernmental organizations that form the
Chihuahua City–based Tarahumara Defense Network.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #494949; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: .3pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tarahumara communities, many of which depend
economically on the sale of their baskets and other crafts, hoped the
investments would be both environmentally and culturally conscious, as
promised. But the indigenous now claim that the megaproject is a “white
elephant” trampling their rights, destroying their traditional subsistence
economies, and contaminating their water supplies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #494949; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: .3pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To create the adventure park, the state
government, with the help of politically connected private investors,
expropriated land from two Tarahumara communities; the government claims they
didn’t exist because they lacked the proper papers. And hotels routinely dump
their solid and liquid wastes into the canyon, contaminating springs and
leading to outbreaks of rashes and intestinal illnesses. The Tarahumara see a
version of Disneyland behind barbed-wire fences that keeps the tourists safe
and the natives out. Families have started leaving, hoping to scrape by in the
cities or as farm workers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #494949; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: .3pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Not everyone is backing away, though, even if their only
water comes from seeps contaminated by the very tourists zipping on cables
overhead. Locals are demanding their rights in Mexican and international courts
and have organized protests in front of the governor’s palace. Together with
the Tarahumara Defense Network, they are becoming activists, a role they
haven’t occupied since their rebellion against the Spanish in the late 1600s.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS 2.0" href="http://RSS_Feed_URL" /></div>Tom Barryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04737814362191331533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542500758583335073.post-83892997451589397042015-06-09T15:25:00.000-06:002015-06-09T15:25:08.312-06:00Exit of PAN and Padrés Not Likely to Result in Aqueduct Closure<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeCkBMWAK1WzLPYOEUkFTRCd85bp-FAFGXgMFih2pGEUOsDhmB817P3cWOPUPi4VZRKSo22hswAHJWhRD_PbpQtf23k9SnB2XjWke7pu6WhTbUyTh5Z2Jt8Grxqnp4kVBCCXaHMxR824No/s1600/P1100094.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeCkBMWAK1WzLPYOEUkFTRCd85bp-FAFGXgMFih2pGEUOsDhmB817P3cWOPUPi4VZRKSo22hswAHJWhRD_PbpQtf23k9SnB2XjWke7pu6WhTbUyTh5Z2Jt8Grxqnp4kVBCCXaHMxR824No/s320/P1100094.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><i><u><br /></u></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><i><u><br /></u></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: large;"><i><u>Sonora Chronicles</u></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">As PAN and Padrés Exit, Yaqui Water </span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Will Keep Flowing to Hermosillo</span><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">For the past five years, Governor
Guillermo Padrés Elías was the chief protagonist in one of the most divisive
water waters in the transborder West. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">In early 2010, only months after PAN’s
candidate took the governorship for the first time in Sonora’s history, Padrés
announced his plan for the Independencia aqueduct. Known popularly as the
Novillo-Hermosillo aqueduct, the water pipeline was constructed to transfer
water from the middle basin of the Yaqui River to meet the water crisis in
Hermosillo, the PAN governor sparked a militant anti-aqueduct movement based in
the river’s lower basin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">At first, the “No al Novillo” and
Citizens Water Movement in the Yaqui Valley demanded that the aqueduct not be
constructed because it would reduce water supplies needed by the Yaquis, valley
agribusiness, and Ciudad Obregón. Then when the Padrés administration pushed
through the aqueduct construction with support of then-president Felipe
Calderón (also of PAN), ignoring various court orders and Yaqui demands that
they be consulted, a militant faction of Yaquis began intermittently blocking
the state’s only north-south highway.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The Yaqui blockades counted on the
support of agribusiness sector and the PRI.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Members of movements protesting the aqueduct painted <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Governor Padrés and the PAN as the
chief architects and supporters of the aqueduct.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The political reality was, however, not
as simplistic as the anti-aqueduct movement asserted.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The recent electoral victory of PRI’s
gubernatorial candidate Claudia Pavlovich will likely reveal the broad support
for the aqueduct and other hydraulic megaprojects among Sonora’s political and
economic elite and the federal government.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvp5Dlqh1vwbyjlwvAXvXg-JFM6KWAwykYYkTZ_EBTemuRx4DvIkaWMHA265ZIblVfHP7V7TiSO8Z-mOFcfIHgnBO-SDJsl-n8qKJyf-j4Bi4hKwRX7GXrl65YWgRcJMxCBJfG-ZBY8iPh/s1600/P1100091.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvp5Dlqh1vwbyjlwvAXvXg-JFM6KWAwykYYkTZ_EBTemuRx4DvIkaWMHA265ZIblVfHP7V7TiSO8Z-mOFcfIHgnBO-SDJsl-n8qKJyf-j4Bi4hKwRX7GXrl65YWgRcJMxCBJfG-ZBY8iPh/s320/P1100091.JPG" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Main Institutional Players In Yaqui Water War</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><u>State</u><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The chief institutional protagonists
are the federal government and the Sonora state government. As governor,
Guillermo Pádres has been the leading advocate of the Novillo-Hermosillo
aqueduct, acting through the governor’s office, the newly created state agency Sonora
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sistema Integral</i> (Sonora SI), and the
State Water Commission (CEA), as well as state offices, such as the attorney
general’s office and other agencies that provide basic services and rural
development assistance (to pacify and divide the Yaqui).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><u>Federal </u><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">While Governor Padrés and Sonora SI
have been the most visible state government proponents of the Yaqui River water
transfer, the Independencia aqueduct would not have been possible without the
federal government, which is a strong proponent of new aqueducts and dams to
address water shortages. But more than advocating hydraulic solutions, CONAGUA
provides at least two-thirds of the funding (usually more than 90%) for these
projects, including the contested aqueduct in Sonora. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Aside from the financing, federal
agencies, including SEMARNAT and its decentralized arm PROFEPA, rubber-stamped
the construction plans for the aqueduct, without giving any consideration to
environmental impact of the water transfer. CONAGUA never seriously evaluated
how much water was being legally drawn with valid permits from the Yaqui River,
how much water belonged to the Yaqui, or the impact of climate change and
prolonged droughts on Yaqui River flows.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><u>Local</u><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The city and <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">county</span> of Hermosillo have been prime advocates of the aqueduct
but have no official role. The <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">counties
</span>of Cajeme and San Ignacio Río Muerto in the Yaqui Valley took their case
against the aqueduct to the Supreme Court and lost on the fundamental question
about the legality of the aqueduct. However, the Supreme Court did find
SEMARNAT’s environment impact study woefully lacking, and ordered it to produce
another more credible evaluation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The Yaqui have no legal standing within
Mexico as an autonomous government. Instead, the Yaqui must pursue their
interests through the political structures of the mestizo-controlled <i>municipios</i>
and <i>ejidos</i>. Yaqui communities do have their own form of governments with
governors, secretaries, and spokesmen. Yet these communities and their
leadership are divided with different factions having their own leadership.
This absence of a legally-recognized central government makes the Yaqui and
other indigenous communities subject to manipulation by local, state, and
federal governments as well as by those with special economic and political
interests. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The Yaqui Valley Irrigation District,
representing most large farmers and agribusinesses, together with the PRI provided
logistical and other support for traffic disruptions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixli_b6jYGHE9u6_QZIEceEc-vZhVCe5q9asCf58qo-A6FTH7sb9KZHHCquXTP1rosVpzmRxm0c3yLoBzcqn4ubdrhPlGtrsEuW0gp1EY3hh2e8MxJ7PbWw3NR7sSJLp6ze9hYmE4JYB0H/s1600/P1100313.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixli_b6jYGHE9u6_QZIEceEc-vZhVCe5q9asCf58qo-A6FTH7sb9KZHHCquXTP1rosVpzmRxm0c3yLoBzcqn4ubdrhPlGtrsEuW0gp1EY3hh2e8MxJ7PbWw3NR7sSJLp6ze9hYmE4JYB0H/s320/P1100313.JPG" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><u>Political
Parties</u><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The dynamics of the Yaqui Water War
have in no small degree been shaped by the political ambitions of the two
leading political parties, the PRI and the PAN, and to a lesser extent by less
influential parties in Sonora, notably PRD.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">With the launching of Sonora SI and the
construction of the Independencia aqueducts and other hydraulic megaprojects,
PAN has hoped to solidify its hold on the Sonoran electorate, given the broad
support for such projects, especially in Hermosillo and other the desert
cities. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The political dynamics changed after
PRI’s Enrique Peña Nieto succeeded PAN’s Felipe Calderón as president. PRI
politicians, although historically strongly supportive of such hydraulic projects
and in particular the longstanding Yaqui River aqueduct plan, have since 2010
criticized the aqueduct, albeit mainly with respect to budgetary and legal
issues rather than over the need for the aqueduct. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Meanwhile, CONAGUA and other federal
agencies have not backed away from their support even as tensions between the
PRI and PAN in Sonora and between the federal and state government escalate. It
is unlikely that either party would currently or in the future support any
definitive closure of the aqueduct, given the depth of support for the aqueduct
outside the Yaqui Valley. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3GlvKHKi1fQPsM1zehmPsdiALEVbHNkgOXpeWcV2U1hbYzqptTuHOaqi6KlM34MrP7h8ODfDSd9tnI0zbSNT8VO8-dumtkiEkZdHKOm-hvKTDkTtzRXP_C3pop_aC45K5xrAJBe69qOAS/s1600/P1100318.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3GlvKHKi1fQPsM1zehmPsdiALEVbHNkgOXpeWcV2U1hbYzqptTuHOaqi6KlM34MrP7h8ODfDSd9tnI0zbSNT8VO8-dumtkiEkZdHKOm-hvKTDkTtzRXP_C3pop_aC45K5xrAJBe69qOAS/s320/P1100318.JPG" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">CONAGUA is a
Principal Player <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Sonora’s water crisis can ultimately be attributed to the
lack of due diligence by CONAGUA. Without ensuring that the Novillo-Hermosillo
aqueduct counted on all the proper state and federal permits and impact
studies, CONAGUA financed and supported the aqueduct’s construction and
operation at least until 2013. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Without guaranteeing that the aqueduct would not adversely
affect the water rights of the Yaqui or even consulting the Yaqui, CONAGUA gave
the go ahead to inter-basin water transfer. What’s more, CONAGUA provided
critical backing to the fictitious backstory created by Sonora SI and the state
water commission (CEA) in the face of widening opposition. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">CONAGUA echoed the state government’s claims that most of
the aqueduct water came either from unallocated Yaqui river water or from the
purchase of water rights from small landholders and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ejidatarios</i> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(members of
collective land holdings called <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ejidos</i>)
in the middle basin. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">It is true, as CONAGUA officials are apt to assert, that
national water law decentralized the control and monitoring of water use,
giving state and local authorities more participation and responsibility. Yet
CONAGUA is not some distant bureaucracy in Mexico City. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Not only does CONAGUA
have extensive offices in Hermosillo, all water drilling and water-diversion
permits in Sonora, as well as all major hydraulic projects, come under the
jurisdiction of the Hermosillo-based <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Organismo
de Cuenca Noroeste <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>(Northwest Basin
Agency). In theory, this agency protects the sustainability of water resources
in each of the state’s major water basins. Indeed, CONAGUA’s Sonora branch
consists of separate planning offices for Sonoyta, Concepción, Sonora, Yaqui,
Mátape, and Mayo basins. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">In other words, it is not the state government, whether
controlled by PRI, PRD, PAN, or the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Partido
Verde</i> (Green Party), that bears ultimate responsibility for the
sustainability of Sonora’s hydraulic society. Rather, it is the federal
government through CONAGUA— and not only because it authorizes water
megaprojects and even individual wells, but also because it and the federal
government’s central budget provide the principal funding for all major water
works in Sonora. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><i>(Photos by Tom Barry; 1) Yaqui anti-aqueduct banner at Estación Vicam, 2) Yaqui blockade on Route #15, 3) Aqueduct enters Hermosillo, and 4) Abelardo Rodríquez dam in Hermosillo.)</i></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaIYj-4KHEuSz4RQ4TYPm1UsUc8-WALpE4581BICdtDYwMyYyKQVwr7q0uuYiCxGhHqGb36zKABL6ZUwlPuLf9d-_qWFMkhLtnZOEeCrkUsMGHbquTJKgA8VdO-zylEVT7w3s4QdUQm1kF/s1600/P1100319.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaIYj-4KHEuSz4RQ4TYPm1UsUc8-WALpE4581BICdtDYwMyYyKQVwr7q0uuYiCxGhHqGb36zKABL6ZUwlPuLf9d-_qWFMkhLtnZOEeCrkUsMGHbquTJKgA8VdO-zylEVT7w3s4QdUQm1kF/s320/P1100319.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i>Vineyards to produce table grapes for export to U.S. markets continue to expand in the Sonoran Desert north of Hermosillo due to government-backed water drilling and water diversion projects supported by government, while farmers and ranchers with small holdings and shallow wells (top photo of abandoned farm south of now-dry Abelardo Rodríquez dam in Hermosillo) are left without traditional water supplies -- despite their prayers. New vineyard attributes its prosperity with belief in desert miracles. After all, Luke in the Bible says: "Nothing is impossible for God." / Photos by Tom Barry</i></div>
<br />
<i><u>Sonora Chronicles</u></i><br />
<br />
<b>PRI Wins Back Sonora, Yaqui Water War Left in the Dust</b><br />
<br />
Tom Barry<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
As election day approached, it was a toss-up. In Sonora, the gubernatorial election
pitted two governing parties against one another. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The PRI controlled the federal government, and PAN held
political power in the state. The gubernatorial election pitted the PRI the PAN
– two parties bereft of moral principles and burdened by long rap sheets for
their patronage schemes, personal enrichment of political leaders, and blatant
favoritism of friends and family in government contracts. <o:p></o:p></div>
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There were good reasons to believe that PAN’s Javier Gándara
(former Hermosillo mayor) would succeed Guillermo Padrés Elías as Sonora’s new
governor in September 2015. But many other observers and political insiders in
Sonora persuasively argued that Senator Claudia Pavlovich would win back the
Palacio del Gobierno in Hermosillo for PRI – the political party that had held
the governor’s office for seven decades until PAN’s electoral victory in June
2009.<o:p></o:p></div>
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In hindsight, Pavlovich’s victory seemed assured given the
crescendo of corruption scandals that started sweeping over the PAN
administration in mid-2014. <o:p></o:p></div>
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From his first year, Governor Padrés began building a
virulent opposition movement to his administration. By pushing through the
Novillo-Hermosillo aqueduct transfers mountain water from the Yaqui River to
the state’s booming capital city situated in the Sonoran Desert, Padrés sparked
an anti-aqueduct alliance in the river’s lower basin in the Yaqui Valley and in
Ciudad Obregón. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At the same time,
however, Padrés initially reinforced – and even extended – support for his
administration and PAN by his backing of water megaprojects, including dams and
other aqueducts, to bring mountain water to desert cities and coastal plains. <o:p></o:p></div>
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But the governor’s arrogance, lack of fiscal accountability
(or any other sort of public accountability), self-serving projects (like using
government funds to build a dam to serve his family’s ranch), and shocking
(even for Mexico) corruption, eroded his base of political support, even in
Hermosillo. The PAN administration’s pilfering of the budgets of an array of
state agencies – including the education, public health, education, among other
departments – to shift funds to favorite projects and favored companies surpassed
the traditional and expected levels of corruption in the governor’s palace.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Yet PRI also faced the election burdened by the plummeting
support for President Peña Nieto – mainly because of his own corruption
scandals and the increasing evidence that the military and police were among
the prime suspects in a wave of horrific violence (including the disappearance
of 43 students in Michoacán). <o:p></o:p></div>
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While each party tapped government funds to buy the vote,
Senator Pavlovich had the advantage of being able to promise an increased flow
of federal funds and favors from the national PRI-controlled government
(executive branch, Congress, and courts) to communities that would support PRI
in the June electoral contest. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Governor Padrés won the 2009 election with his promise to
create a “New Sonora.” But after six years, voters, sickened by the blatant
corruption and the resulting monumental public debt (20.7 billion pesos –
representing more then 55% of annual state revenues), more voters were
persuaded by Pavlovich’s promises of “Another Sonora. (“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Otro Sonora</i>”).”<o:p></o:p></div>
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Despite all the protests and brouhaha about the
Novillo-Sonora aqueduct during the past five years, it wasn’t an issue during
the elections. None of the candidates – from either the major or minor parties
– took a position on the aqueduct. Given that the PRI at both the federal and state
levels has been the primary proponent and financial backer of water
megaprojects, there is little expectation that the new governor will withdraw
state or federal financial support for the hydraulic projects initiated by
Padrés and his Sonora SI (Integrated System) water-project agency. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS 2.0" href="http://RSS_Feed_URL" /></div>Tom Barryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04737814362191331533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542500758583335073.post-6778324653301320602015-02-27T13:50:00.002-07:002015-02-27T13:50:19.054-07:00Don't Defund, Just Dismantle the Department of Homeland Security<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 22.5pt; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: #494949; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="color: #494949; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 15.75pt;">Tom Barry</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: #494949; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">(First published on Feb. 26 in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Boston Review</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: #494949; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">The Republican majority has refused to
approve new funding for the Department of Homeland Security. Following the lead
of the party’s most conservative members, congressional Republicans will reject
a new DHS budget unless President Obama reverses his November 2014 executive
order to protect more than 4 million immigrants from deportation. Republicans
are right to obstruct the routine annual funding of DHS—but they are doing it
for the wrong reasons.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: #494949; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">DHS would be an easy target of standard
conservative critiques of big government. The third largest federal department
is hugely wasteful, unaccountable, unmanageable, and emblematic of governmental
mission creep. Yet President Obama has kept increasing the budget and expanding
the reach of DHS—his most recent initiative is to increase the department’s
role in cybersecurity through $6 billion in contracts with major military and
intelligence contractors including Lockheed Martin and Booz Allen Hamilton.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: #494949; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">The DHS funding debate lays bare the
disjuncture between the department’s core mission and its actual operations;
the political standard has largely ignored the DHS counterterrorism mission.
Instead, the dispute over DHS has revolved around the traditional divides over
immigration policy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: #494949; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">This is unfortunate. It is time to
reconsider the notion of a having a homeland security department. Rather then
routinely submitting and approving the budgets of the bureaucratic monstrosity
that DHS has become, the executive branch and Congress should consider
dismantling DHS. Separating immigration policy from the post-9/11 security
framework is fundamental to ending the waste and creating any sustainable and
sensible immigration policy reform.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="rtecenter" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #494949; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: .3pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• • •<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: #494949; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">A product of post-9/11 fear-driven politics,
DHS is a conglomeration of twenty-two different agencies created by the Bush
administration under the Homeland Security Act of 2002 with little
consideration of the difficulties of merging such diverse agencies as FEMA,
Secret Service, Border Patrol, and the Coast Guard. Prior to the creation of
DHS, immigration and border control came under the jurisdiction of the
Department of Justice and were regarded primarily as issues of regulation and
law. Under DHS, counterterrorism and national security became the dominant
framework for immigration and border policy. President George W. Bush promised
that the new federal department would “improve efficiency without growing
government.” Furthermore, according to President Bush, the new federal
department would eliminate “duplicative and redundant activities that drain
critical homeland security resources.” Yet, with more than 240,000 employees,
DHS is the third largest federal department—surpassing the Department of
Justice and State Department, and with a larger budget than the latter.
Democrats and Republicans alike have continually increased the DHS annual
budgets.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: #494949; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">One of the primary indications of the
Department’s dysfunction and lack of direction is the continuing DHS inability
to formulate a concise and consistent definition of “homeland security.” There
was no consensus on the meaning of the term at the time of its creation. And
there was absolutely no consideration of the implications of having
governmental functions such as border control, emergency management, and
immigration enforcement framed as security operations. Nonetheless, the budget
for Customs and Border Protection (CBP), which includes the Border Patrol, has
more than doubled since 2003– rising from $27 billion to $59 billion in
2014—and now accounts for 21 percent of the DHS budget, making it the largest
DHS agency. The CBP is also the nation’s largest law enforcement agency.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="border-bottom: solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt; margin-left: 37.5pt; margin-right: 37.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #CCCCCC .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 15.0pt 0in 15.0pt 0in;">
<div style="border: none; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #CCCCCC .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #CCCCCC .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 15.0pt 0in 15.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 21.0pt;">The DHS funding debate lays bare the
disjuncture between the department’s core mission and its actual operations.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: #494949; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">With
each new director and changes in political issues, DHS tweaks the definition of
the term and its mission statement. <em><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Defining
Homeland Security,</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"><i> </i></span>a
January 2013 report by the Congressional Research Service, underscored the
existential crisis facing DHS as its counterterrorism mission has lost focus.
CRS observed: “Ten years after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, the
U.S. government does not have a single definition for ‘homeland security.’
[Instead,] different strategic documents and mission statements offer varying
missions that are derived from different homeland security definitions.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: #494949; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">For instance, DHS programs now provide
grants to local and state police for purchasing license plate readers,
military-grade vehicles, surveillance equipment, and drones. And DHS continues
to fund dozens of “fusion centers,” which were established as decentralized
counterterrorism intelligence centers but have tracked lawful citizen
organizing, including the Occupy Wall Street movement.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: #494949; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">Another sign of DHS dysfunction is the low
morale of department employees and officials. No other federal department
suffers such high rates of job dissatisfaction. Not only does DHS rank as the
department with lowest morale, the level of contentedness within DHS has also
been dropping at a faster rate than any other department—decreasing 7 percent
in the last four years, according to a Government Accountability Office (GAO)
report.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: #494949; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">DHS employees and officials cite the
department’s stifling bureaucracy and lack of performance measures among the
many reasons for plummeting morale. The agency has spent at least $2 million on
four studies seeking strategies to improve morale. But no study questioned the
viability of a department with so many clashing cultures and one whose
operations are so diffuse.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: #494949; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">No other federal department is subject to
greater congressional oversight. Some ninety congressional committees and
subcommittees monitor DHS operations. But this extensive oversight hasn’t
produced a more effective and cost-efficient department. To the contrary. Doing
the rounds before these congressional committees, DHS officials shape their
statements according to the political agendas of committee chairmen, thereby
further contributing to the mission drift of DHS.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: #494949; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">Rather than providing effective oversight,
congressional committees—notably the House Homeland Security Committee and its
Border and Maritime Security Subcommittee—function more as boosters and cheerleaders.
Eager to display their hardline positions on border security or immigration
enforcement, congressional members keep pushing DHS to ramp up its border
security operations, resulting in a trail of monumental boondoggles such as the
virtual border fence, intelligence fusion centers, deployment of military-grade
drones to the border, and a border wall that costs $1–7 billion each mile
(depending on the terrain) to construct. Without effective congressional
oversight and with constant congressional pressure to expand DHS operations,
the department relies heavily on private contractors—many of whom also
generously contribute to the election campaigns of committee members—for the
management and implementation of core DHS functions, such as cybersecurity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: #494949; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">Over the past dozen years, governmental
research and monitoring agencies have published an ever-expanding library of
reports that the agency’s waste and failure. Hundreds of reports by the
Congressional Research Service, GAO, and the DHS Office of Inspector General
have painted a picture of an agency badly divided and highly dysfunctional.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: #494949; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">Since its creation, the GAO has identified
DHS as a “high risk” government agency, pointing to the continuing challenge of
integrating twenty-two agencies into one department. The GAO states that DHS
has made progress but that the challenges of managing the mix of diverse
agencies continue to impact “the department’s ability to satisfy its missions.”
According to the GAO, “DHS’s management and mission risks could have serious
consequences for U.S. national and economic security.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="rtecenter" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #494949; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: .3pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• • •<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: #494949; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">After more than a dozen years, DHS is still
floundering in its efforts to construct its own headquarters. Originally
projected to cost $3.9 billion, DHS headquarters is $1.5 billion over budget
and twelve years behind schedule. Completion was projected for this year, but
according to the GAO it will not likely be finished until 2026. Meanwhile, the
twenty-two DHS agencies remain scattered in fifty offices in the Washington, DC
area. The GAO says that DHS should consider alternatives.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: #494949; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">Dismantling DHS would be likely easier than
consolidating it and refocusing its mission. Indeed, if Obama wants to decouple
immigration and border policies from counterterrorism and security policies,
dismantling DHS may be the only way. Otherwise, the recent immigration
order—paired with a call for increased funding for border security, the hiring
of 20,000 more Border Patrol agents, and a commitment to “crack down on illegal
immigration at the border—just looks like playing politics.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: #494949; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">Tom Barry directs the Transborder Program at
the Center for International Policy and is a contributor to the Americas
Program. This news commentary was first published by the Boston Review at: </span><a href="https://www.bostonreview.net/blog/tom-barry-dismantle-department-homeland-security-immigration"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">https://www.bostonreview.net/blog/tom-barry-dismantle-department-homeland-security-immigration</span></a><span style="color: #494949; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: .3pt;">
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS 2.0" href="http://RSS_Feed_URL" /></div>Tom Barryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04737814362191331533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542500758583335073.post-66606594531217331502014-12-16T13:59:00.000-07:002014-12-16T14:08:48.603-07:00Grupo México's La Caridad Mine as Government Charity<div class="MsoNormal">
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Entrance to the Grupo México’s Buenavista copper mine
in Cananea / Global Media Agencies<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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Tom Barry</div>
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The National Water Commission (Conagua), State Water
Commission (CEA), and Grupo México have been forthcoming about the consumption
and contamination of water in the Yaqui River basin. The federal government’s
environmental agencies have ignored Grupo México’s systemic disregard for the
environmental consequences of their operations. And neither the federal
government nor the state of Sonora have protected the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ejidos</i> and towns near its mines from displacement and environmental
contamination, despite a long history of complaints. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Grupo México’s La Caridad mine and metallurgical complex
near Nacozari de Garcia is a tightly guarded enclave. Situated next to La
Angostura – Sonora’s first major dam and reservoir – La Caridad has since the
construction of the dam been its major beneficiary. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Grupo México says that it pays fees to Conagua for its water
consumption at all its operations “with the exception of but that it pumps
water directly from the reservoir – apparently without any fees. As it states
in its annual report, “Mexicana de Cobre (La Caridad) pumps water directly from
the La Angostura, which is near the mine and the processing plants.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></div>
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Mexicana de Cobre operates one of the three acueducts that
pumps water from Yaqui River basin. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The pumping station at La Angostura transfers a reported 26
Mm<sup>3 </sup>of water to the company’s copper and molybdenum mining
operations and processing plants. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Under a 1991 agreement between the Yaquis and Conagua and
CEA (opposed by committees in Vícam and Pótam but signed by eight governors),
the Yaqui-Guaymas aqueduct transfers 22Mm<sup>3 </sup>of water from the Yaqui
Valley to Guaymas, Empalme, and San Carlos. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The Independencia aqueduct has the capacity to transfer 75Mm<sup>3
</sup>from the middle Yaqui River basin at the Novillo reservoir to Hermosillo.
<o:p></o:p></div>
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The exact amount of water that Grupo México’s Mexicana de
Cobre complex extracts from the river and by its wells within the vast complex
– encompassing 104,990 hectares – is not publicly known. However, the three
aqueducts alone extract 123 Mm3 of water from the Yaqui River basin – which is
about 20% more than the total capacity of La Angostura. When ordering the
construction of La Angostura, President Lázaro Cárdenas decreed in 1940 that
the Yaquis had water rights to half the reservoir’s capacity – but these promised
water rights have never been implemented, which helps explains the vehement
Yaqui opposition to the Novillo-Hermosillo aqueduct. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Nacozari de García is a quintessential mining town. It is
also the closest large town to La Angostura, which lies about 20 miles to the
city’s southeast. Despite its proximity to the reservoir and its role as Grupo
México’s offices for La Caridad, the city has for decades suffered severe water
shortages. While the mine has free access to the reservoir, neither the mine
nor the government has created the infrastructure necessary to supply Nacozari
with water from Angostura.<o:p></o:p></div>
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In contrast, the federal government allows Grupo México to
exploit La Angostura as it pleases. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The federal government’s privileged treatment of Grupo
México continues from<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> sexenio</i> to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sexenio</i>, whether PAN or PRI presidents.
A recent example of how the federal government gives Grupo México free rein
exploit the country’s natural resources is the company’s plan to tap into the dam’s
hydroelectric capacities – without regard to environmental impacts, Yaqui water
rights, or impact on other traditional users of Yaqui River water.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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In September 2012 the Federal Energy Regulation Commission
granted Grupo México permission to establish a 7.00 MW hydroelectric facility
to generate an estimated 41.00 GWh of electricity to serve the needs of La
Caridad. According to the permit, Grupo México would begin generating
electricity in September 2014.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[ii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></div>
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There was no fee specified on the grounds that the
electricity would not be for sale but for self-sufficiency (“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">autobastecimiento</i>”). Furthermore, the
federal commission noted that the “opportune and efficient provision of energy
is one of the pillars that supports national development and constitutes a
necessary condition to attain its goals of growth.” What is more, the use of La
Angostura water would “respond chiefly to the company’s goals to increase the
competitiveness of the production processes of its various businesses.” <o:p></o:p></div>
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Before seeking approval of the federal energy commission, Conagua
on September 29, 2010 had granted Grupo México a water-use permit (“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">título de concesión”)</i> to “exploit, use,
or take advantage of national surface waters amounting to 416,669,000 cubic
meters of water annually.” Conagua reports that La Angostura has a capacity 864
Mm<sup>3 </sup>although other Conagua reports note that effective capacity
because of silt accumulation has decreased to 700 Mm<sup>3</sup>. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The Conagua permit was issued without any environmental
impact study. The permit for Grupo México to use such immense quantities of
water in the upper Yaqui River basin came at the time that the
anti-Novillo-Hermosillo coalition was organizing large demonstrations. The Yaquis
were formulating legal cases against the aqueduct that, among other things,
asserted that SEMNARNAT’s environmental impact statement on the aqueduct was
grossly inadequate since it didn’t take into account the impact on the river
because of reduced flows. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFA5dtP9cp9TZZ_ycLclWifyJC0Rmec8rVtY30vxe-62byZhoA5DG_hyEEwtyNv1P2z6p_B22eRsXOXMDgSBbwSCDiV73bXQZXN8QYa4s6WomzbjPqHC76RuCzch8-3SimGldozFCVc1hyphenhyphen/s1600/caridad.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFA5dtP9cp9TZZ_ycLclWifyJC0Rmec8rVtY30vxe-62byZhoA5DG_hyEEwtyNv1P2z6p_B22eRsXOXMDgSBbwSCDiV73bXQZXN8QYa4s6WomzbjPqHC76RuCzch8-3SimGldozFCVc1hyphenhyphen/s1600/caridad.jpg" height="480" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">La Caridad copper mine adjacent to La Angostura dam
and reservoir with aqueduct in foreground.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<!--EndFragment--><br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Understandably, the focus of the anti-aqueduct coalition was
on the Conagua-approved and -financed transfer of water from the Yaqui River
basin to Hermosillo in the depleted Sonora River basin. Conagua tried to
assuage the coalition’s concerns that the aqueduct would leave the lower Yaqui
River basin without a dependable supply of water, especially during droughts
with the still-unconfirmed story that it had bought water rights from small
farmers in the middle river basin. What the federal water agency didn’t say –
and still hasn’t acknowledged – that the highly questionable water permits
issued to Grupo México and other mining operations constituted were responsible
for vast withdrawals of water from both the Sonora and Yaqui basins.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Prior to the federal energy commission’s approval of Grupo
México’s permission, the company had also succeeded in securing a favorable
ruling by SEMARNAT, the federal environmental ministry. SEMARNAT determined
that there would be no need for an environmental impact statement for the
hydroelectric plant to be operated by México Generadora de Energía (MGE). <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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The determination followed SEMARNAT’s practice of narrowing
the scope of the possible environmental impact to the construction of the
hydroelectric plant rather than considering the manifold impacts on water
quality, wildlife, and the riparian environment. SEMARNAT ruled on January 27,
2011that “there would be no need for any presentation of a study of
environmental impact for its authorization.” As the Union of Concerned
Scientists has concluded, hydroelectric plants need to be carefully regulated.
If, for example, the water used for electricity generation includes water from
the lower levels of a reservoir the oxygen level of the released water will be
insufficient to maintain river life.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[iii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Grupo México created MGE in 2005 and received approval by
the Energy Regulatory Commission to generate electricity for the company’s
mining and metallurgical operations in Sonora. Grupo México told its
stockholders that MGE would produce electrical energy to its Mexican open pit
mining operations “at a discount of the cost charged by CFE (Federal
Electricity Commission).” Grupo México boasted that its MGE subsidiary formed
part of the company’s commitment of strengthening its mining division position
as one of the world’s low cost producers.”<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title="">[iv]</a> Grupo México has not reported if the planned hydroelectric plant is currently operating, although it has installed two gas-turbine generators at La Caridad.</span></span></span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Although not mentioned by Grupo México, free, easy, and
irregular access to water in Mexico is likely one of the reasons that
transnational firm is one of the world’s low cost producers.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Like the “irregular” water permits issued by Conagua to
Grupo México, the federal energy regulatory commission’s authorization was also
irregular. The commission issued its authorization in September 2013 for the
construction of the company’s hydroelectric plant in September 2013 but Grupo
México had been busy constructing the facility since July 2012.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In other words, the commission ruled on Grupo
México’s request at mid-point in the construction process, creating the
assumption that Grupo México had been assured of the commission’s approval.
While this process was on the face of it irregular, it is the regular process
of corporate-governmental relations in Mexico. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Until the late 1980s, Grupo México’s Buenavista and La
Caridad mining complexes were government-owned mining corporations. Yet while
the federal government held the title to these massive operations, they were
heavily financed through NAFINSA, the government’s development bank, with most
of the debt held by foreign investors and banks. When the government privatized
La Caridad, the enterprise was heavily indebted – owing $1.36 billion to
foreign banks.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn5" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[v]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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This history as a heavily indebted government enterprise
established a pattern of free access to water and the lack of enforcement of
environmental, land-use, and occupational safety regulations. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Essentially, La Angostura functions as Grupo México’s
private dam and reservoir. Except for one access road to the reservoir for
tourists and fishermen, Grupo México
strictly controls the dam from the west and south. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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What is becoming clear that the government and the mining
industry need to be more forthright about water-consumption and
water-contamination by the miniWhile primarily a Mexican concern, the boom in
mining exploration and extraction in Mexico’s northern borderlands – in Baja
California, Sonora, Chihuahua, and Coahuila, especially – has international
repercussions. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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The impact of operations of such companies as Grupo México,
Peñoles, and Grupo Frisco don’t stop at the international border but are
putting at risk the quantity and quality of transboundary surface water flows
and groundwater basins that span the border. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;">
<!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Grupo México, Southern Peru Copper,
“Formulario 10-K 2013,” Submitted in Washington, DC., at </span><a href="http://www.southernperu.com/esp/relinv/2013/10K/10k131231e.pdf"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">http://www.southernperu.com/esp/relinv/2013/10K/10k131231e.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> According to Grupo México: Los derechos por
uso de agua se establecen en la Ley Federal de Derechos, la cual distingue
varias zonas de disponibilidad con diferentes tarifas por unidad de volumen,
dependiendo de cada<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">zona, con la
excepción de Mexicana de Cobre. Todas nuestras<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">operaciones
tienen una o varias concesiones de agua y bombean<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">de pozos el
agua que necesitan.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[ii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> “Resolución por la que la Comisión
Reguladora de Energía ortorga a Mexicana de Cobre, S.S. de C. V., permiso para
generar energía eléctrica bajo la modalidad de autobastecimiento para su
central La Angostura,” Comisión Reguladora de Energía, Núm. RES/379/2013, 19 de
septiembre de 2013. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[iii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Union of Concerned Scientists,
“Environmental Impact of Hydroelectric Plants,” at
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/environmental-impacts-hydroelectric-power.html#.VHIywVfF8Xc<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref4" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[iv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Grupo México, press release, n.d., at: </span><a href="http://gmexico.com.mx/files/PRMGGEINICIAVENTAING.pdf"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">http://gmexico.com.mx/files/PRMGGEINICIAVENTAING.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Before it began work on the hydroelectric plant, MGE, which is based on
Grupo México’s property alongside La Angostura, was operating two gas-fired
electricity generating plants at the La Caridad and Buenavista mining
complexes. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission had approved the creation
of MGE in 2005 for the purpose of operating gas-fired plants, and it wasn’t
until later in the decade that Grupo México came before the commission with the
request for a MGE-run hydroelectric plant.“ S&P Rates MGE,” Reuters, Nov.
16, 2012, 2012.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref5" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[v]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> “Mine Sold in Mexico,” Nov. 4, 1988, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">New York Times</i>, at
http://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/04/business/mine-sold-in-mexico.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
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<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS 2.0" href="http://RSS_Feed_URL" /></div>Tom Barryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04737814362191331533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542500758583335073.post-83962014026676571862014-12-11T14:19:00.000-07:002014-12-11T14:19:11.455-07:00Contaminating Sonora, Yaqui, and San Pedro RIvers in Sonora<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Connecting the Rivers<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p>Tom Barry</o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidvziQI2qAzCrmKEDbIZyW1z8sf1ReUw8fe-JZsENeljHnkBS9kOQRz1tMNMIvq4VHKOGdSVDKQRnmC-CUDN3F-7mA8rkcEFsUxD0AhuCeFpaIij-7scLFR03dko3WFSK-gbJD1kwA7OaP/s1600/Screenshot+2014-12-01+13.05.33.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidvziQI2qAzCrmKEDbIZyW1z8sf1ReUw8fe-JZsENeljHnkBS9kOQRz1tMNMIvq4VHKOGdSVDKQRnmC-CUDN3F-7mA8rkcEFsUxD0AhuCeFpaIij-7scLFR03dko3WFSK-gbJD1kwA7OaP/s1600/Screenshot+2014-12-01+13.05.33.png" height="504" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Mulatos Gold Mine on slopes of Sierra Madre Occidental and source of Yaqui River basin contamination / El Imparcial</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">For the most
part, the focus in the aftermath of Cananea environmental disaster was on the
impact on the residents and agricultural economy of the upper and mid Sonora
River basin.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Wells for drinking water
and for irrigation were contaminated, and the some 25,000 residents of the
valley were left without drinking water while farmers and ranchers had no well
water or river water to irrigate their crops or water their cattle. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">But the
repercussions of the mining industry’s “worst natural disaster” quickly
extended far beyond the contamination of upper and mid Sonora River basin. With
a day or two, both sides of the Yaqui water war were reconfiguring their
arguments for and against the Novillo-Hermosillo aqueduct that transfers as much
as 75 Mm<sup>3 </sup>of water from the Yaqui River to Hermosillo. For its part,
Sonora’s mining sector rejected the assertion that the tailings pond break was
a major environmental disaster.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">[</span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">When the
newly elected governor Guillermo Padrés Elías announced in early 2010 that the
state government was building an aqueduct from the Yaqui River he ignited a
water war. The social and economic sectors of Hermosillo were thrilled, but the
leading voices of the urban and farm sectors in the Yaqui River Valley
vehemently objected, as did the a large and militant sector of Yaquis. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">[3]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Yaqui
Water War cannot be fully understand without probing the history of Sonora’s
hydraulic society, the failure to recognize the water rights of the Yaquis, and
the population and agricultural boom in desert regions of Sonora, and the power
politics of water distributions. But also important are the natural factors
that contribute to rising tensions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Most
important is geographical context for Sonora’s hydrology. Neither surface war
nor groundwater is distributed equally in Sonora. Climate change – manifest in
more prolonged and more intense droughts and in higher average temperatures –
compounds the tensions building around the distribution of Sonora’s
increasingly scarce surface water. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">All surface
water in Sonora flows from the mountains to the desert. The Sonora River and
the Yaqui River share this identity, but the water basin of the former is
severely over-exploited while the Yaqui River basin is relatively healthier.
Being closer to the Sierra Madre Occidental and fed by more tributaries over a
much longer distance, the Yaqui River channels ten times the surface water as
the Sonora River. The Mayo River, Sonora’s second largest river, is also much
larger than the Sonora River. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Annual Average Flows of Sonora’s
Largest Rivers <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">[4]</span></span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Yaqui River<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>2,404 Mm3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mayo River<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>863 Mm3 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sonora River
<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>204 Mm 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Social and
political tensions escalated in 2011 when the anti-aqueduct Yaquis began
mounting intermittent blockades of Highway #15, a four-land toll road that
takes truckers and cars from the border town of Nogales to Mazatlán, and then
southeast to Mexico City. The aqueduct reached Hermosillo in mid-2013, although
construction on the planned final section called the Ramal Norte that will deliver
Yaqui River water to the northern edge of Hermosillo had not begun as of
October 2014. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
anti-aqueduct protests that began in May 2010 have continued despite the
completion of the aqueduct’s main segment that brought Yaqui River water to
southeast Hermosillo. Tensions rose to a new level in mid-2014 after the arrest
by the state police of two leaders of the Yaquis’ anti-aqueduct campaign –
actions by the state’s justice department that were widely condemned as
retribution by the state government and another attempt to crush the
anti-aqueduct movement among the Yaquis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The August
2014 mining disaster had the result of hardening the positions of the two
sides. In Hermosillo, the break in the tailings pond was alarming for many
reasons. At first it was mostly a concern about how close to the city the toxic
war had come. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Soon media
attention and political disputes brought the public’s attention to fact that
copper mining in Cananea had been contaminating the river basin for many
decades – with a history of water sampling by university researchers to prove
it. Also, officials of the affected towns and leaders of the mineworkers in
Cananea told the media that they had complained to company, state, and federal
officials about other spills and about the lack of environmental safeguards at
the mine. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In a study
of the hydrological resources of Sonora, researchers from the Sonora
Technological Institute and the State Water Commission observed: “In the Sonora
River basin, for numerous years there have been problems of contamination of
heavy metals, the same problem that exists in the flows of Río Bacanuchi,
coming from mineral exploitation and the technology used to extract copper, as
well the inadequate management of industrial wastes that the mine generates.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">[5]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In 2005 the
State Water Commission issued a comprehensive report on water resources in
Sonora that concluded that for many years there has existed the problem of
contamination of heavy metals issuing from mining exploration and the
inadequate management of the industrial wastes that are produced as a
byproduct.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn5" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">[6]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In the end,
though, while confidence in the governor and in state and federal water
agencies plummeted, support for the Novillo-Hermosillo aqueduct deepened. The
mining disaster highlighted precariousness of Hermosillo’s sources of water –
not only the increasing scarcity but also the worsening quality. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">At the same
time, complaints by communities of the Yaqui River basin that the boom in
mining operations was contaminating the river and its tributaries. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In addition
to concerns about Grupo México’s reckless environmental practices at its
Caridad operations, there were rising concerns about the huge open-pit gold
mine of Los Alamos Gold in the middle Yaqui River basin. Los Alamos Gold has a
mining concession that extends over more than 30,000 hectares near the
community of Los Mulatos and along the Aros-Mulatos tributaries of the Yaqui
River. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd20Cez-vT7ZYAzg6loY5LkMCgXBerq7TKsD7QXnaA2G2DlXtuwHBfTEuzCGX0YCCBPdiuLDJKhi_3Kz2Og2xVSzb5hY3ojY_ulZx8Eb7K7qSD8lchQlsQn9ZqkDgb08mIJwfwxnsCzdpt/s1600/alamos+community.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd20Cez-vT7ZYAzg6loY5LkMCgXBerq7TKsD7QXnaA2G2DlXtuwHBfTEuzCGX0YCCBPdiuLDJKhi_3Kz2Og2xVSzb5hY3ojY_ulZx8Eb7K7qSD8lchQlsQn9ZqkDgb08mIJwfwxnsCzdpt/s1600/alamos+community.jpg" height="300" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHvZK2EI8k0qX58jqI9JeyT12P_dcDzUCCs3ToiLAM_QjV4hG4AEVP9p-Sd9qrQkqcspOGENTXkiALSh3-lv-g8HbBG4J2Vz3kUHKCDjEpmYZEG43tvdkOXMWoEUwbqbs1HFxk8qX0jQr5/s1600/alamos+water.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHvZK2EI8k0qX58jqI9JeyT12P_dcDzUCCs3ToiLAM_QjV4hG4AEVP9p-Sd9qrQkqcspOGENTXkiALSh3-lv-g8HbBG4J2Vz3kUHKCDjEpmYZEG43tvdkOXMWoEUwbqbs1HFxk8qX0jQr5/s1600/alamos+water.jpg" height="266" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mulatos Gold Mine in drainage of Mulatos/Aros River (Yaqui River tributaries) / Alamos Gold</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Canadian
company bought the concession for $10 million in 2003, and by 2012 had produced
one million ounces of gold and more than $1 billion in revenue from its Los
Mulatos Mine.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn6" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">[7]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Los Alamos Gold boasts that its Los Mulatos gold mine, operated by its Mexican
subsidiary Mina del Oro Nacional, is one of the “lowest cost gold-producing
mines in the world and consistent and significant cash-flow generators.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn7" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">[8]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
But the mine is also one of the major sources of mining contamination in
Mexico. For more than a decade the community of Los Mulatos has been
complaining about the careless mining practices of Los Alamos Gold that are
polluting the arroyos and the river.<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn8" name="_ednref8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> </span>In
August 2013 a truck carrying 16,000 liters of cyanide (used to purify gold)
overturned on the way to the mine, contaminating the river, poisoning fish and
birds, and causing the evacuation of several communities.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn9" name="_ednref9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">[10]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It wasn’t,
however, until after the Grupo México’s massive contamination of the Sonora
River that state and federal government agencies began paying attention to the
charges that the mine was contaminating water flowing down from the Sierra
Madre Occidental. Then in November 2014 the National Commission for Human
Rights (CNDH) condemned the contamination and asked that the government
consider suspend its permit until the mine abides by national environmental
regulations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In the wake of
the mining catastrophe, Governor Padrés washed his hands of any responsibility
for monitoring the environmental safeguards at Buenavista, pointing the finger
of blame instead at the federal environmental agencies. The governor correctly
asserted that the federal government is primarily responsible for environmental
protection, for regulating the mining industry, and monitoring the quality and
quantity of the country’s water resources. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">What the
governor failed to mention was that the Sonoran state government maintains
close relations with the mining sector. Nor has the Padrés administration
acknowledge that it had received numerous complaints from local officials about
Grupo México’s waste-management program and about the resulting contamination
of the river. The state government has not taken upon itself any role in
protecting the state from the adverse social and environmental impacts of
mining, even while knowing well that the federal government’s regulatory and
monitoring operations were far from sufficient. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">While laying
the blame for the catastrophe on the federal government – mainly the
environmental agencies SEMARNAT and PROFEPA – Governor Padrés still has failed
to acknowledge the state government’s close relations with the mining industry
in the state – not in any regulatory role but rather as promoters, creditors,
planners, financiers, and sources of technical and logistical support, while
also providing training and subsidies for the mining sector. The state
government actively promotes the mining industry through the mining
coordination office of the Secretaría de Economía and the government-sponsored
public trust established to financially support the mining sector.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn10" name="_ednref10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">[11]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Conagua’s Central Role<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Without
ensuring that the Novillo-Hermosillo aqueduct counted on all the proper state
and federal permits and impact studies, Conagua financed and supported (at
least until 2013) the aqueduct’s construction and operation. Without
guaranteeing that the aqueduct would not adversely affect the water rights of the
Yaquis (or even consulting the Yaquis), Conagua gave the go ahead to controversial
inter-basin water transfer. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">What is
more, Conagua provided critical backing to the fictitious backstory created by
Sonora SI and the State Water Commission (CEA) in the face of widening
opposition. Conagua echoed the state government’s claims that most of the
aqueduct water came either from purportedly unappropriated Yaqui river water or
from the purchase of water rights from small landholders and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ejidatarios</i> in the middle basin. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sonora’s
water crisis –including the salinization of coastal plains, depleted aquifers,
loss of indigenous water rights, uncontrolled water use and contamination by
mining sector, towns and cities without sufficient water, and the unsustainable
hydraulic infrastructure programmed by Sonora SI – are ultimately attributable
to Conagua’s lack of due diligence. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It is true,
as Conagua officials assert, that the federal government amended the national
water law to the control and monitoring of water use, giving state and local
authorities more participation and responsibility. Yet Conagua is not some
distant bureaucracy in Mexico City. Not only does Conagua has officesin
Hermosillo, the federal agency also has a special division that covers the entire
state of Sonora called the Organismo de Cuenca Noroeste (Northwest Basin
Agency). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In theory,
the Organismo de Cuenca Noroeste protects the sustainability of water resources
in each of the state’s major water basins. Indeed, Conagua’s Sonora branch consists
of separate planning offices for Sonoyta, Concepción, Sonora, Yaqui, Mátape,
and Mayo basins. All water drilling and water-diversion permits, as well as all
major hydraulic projects, come under the jurisdiction of the Hermosillo-based
Organismo de Cuenca Noroeste. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It is not,
then, the state government – whether controlled by PRI, PRD, PAN, or the
Partido Verde – that bears ultimate responsibility for the sustainability of
Sonora’s hydraulic society. Rather it is the federal government through Conagua–
and not only because it authorizes water megaprojects and even individual wells
but also because it and the federal government’s central budget provides almost
all of the funding for state’s water megaprojects. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Transboundary Implications<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Historically,
the adverse environmental impacts to borderland water, land, and air from
copper mining and smelting have affected the Mexican side of the border more
than the U.S. side – where most of the mining and smelting occurred. Yet as
mining operations dramatically expand in the northern borderland states – from
Coahuila to Baja California – the environmental consequences to the borderland
environment have been given relatively little binational consideration.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In September
2014, two separate spills – one by truck and another by train -- of toxic
chemicals from Grupo México operations in Sonora raised concerns about the
possible contamination of the San Pedro and Santa Cruz rivers, both of which
flow north into Arizona.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn11" name="_ednref11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">[12]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Water
consumption (and contamination) of mining company and the company town of
Cananea have also long adversely affected the quantity and quality of the San
Pedro River, which flows north into Arizona. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In his 2008
Colegio de Sonora thesis, Florentino Garza Salazar painted a grim picture of
environmental devastation and unsustainable water usage by the Cananea copper
operations, noting that at the junction of the Sonora River headwater and the
San Pedro River more than 3,000 hectares have been denuded by the mine with no
attempts to reforest the barren riparian area.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn12" name="_ednref12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">[13]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Moreover,
the mine’s water use threatens the sustainability and recharge rates of the San
Pedro river basin – a transborder river basin that in Mexico is usually just a
dry gravel river bed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
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<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;">
<!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> “Calificar de peor desastre, es exagerado: Sector
Minero,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">El Imparcial</i>, Dec. 6, 2014,
http://www.elimparcial.com/EdicionEnLinea/Notas/Sonora/01122014/915615-Calificar-de-peor-desastre-es-exagerado-Sector-minero.htmlat:
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> For the chronology of the anti- and pro-aqueduct
movements see: José Luis Moreno, </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Conflicto por el agua entre la agricultura y
la ciudad: el caso del acueducto presa El Novillo-Hermosillo,” En <i>Memoria
del 2do Congreso de la Red de Investigadores Sociales sobre Agua,</i> coordinado
por Alicia Torres Rodríguez y Mendoza Bohne, Sofía, 0. Chapala: Universidad de
Guadalajara, 2012</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Figures from
INEGI (200), at: http://www.geologia.unam.mx/igl/publs/boletin/bol118/Bol118_09gal.pdf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref4" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Rodrigo González-Enríquez and Leticia Guadalupe
Castillo-Acosta, “Los recursos hidraúlicos de Sonora: Un análisis de su calidad
y contaminación,” Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Ciudad Obregón. n.d.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref5" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Comisión Estatal del Agua, “Análisis sobre el uso y
manejo de los recursos hidráulicos en el estado fronterizo de Sonora,” October
2005, p. 35. </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref6" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> For the company’s own technical report on the Los
Mulatos mine see: http://www.alamosgold.com/files/doc_downloads/Mulatos%20-%20Technical%20Report%20(2012).pdf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref7" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Los Alamos
Gold, at:
http://www.alamosgold.com/mines-and-projects/producing-mine/mulatos-mine-mexico/default.aspx#overview<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref8" name="_edn8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> For a good overview of the contamination of Los
Mulatos gold mine and its impact on the community, see: “La mina Mulatos
envenena la region,” No a la Mina, April 24, 2014, at:
http://www.noalamina.org/latinoamerica/mexico/item/12576-mina-mulatos-envenena-la-region</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref9" name="_edn9" style="line-height: 32.25pt;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">10]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 32.25pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 32.25pt;">Daniel Sánchez Dórame, “Evacuan márgenes del
Río Yaqui,” Excelsior, August 27, 2013,</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref10" name="_edn10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> See Tom Barry, “Mining Industry Boosterism in
Sonora,” Oct. 29, 2014, at:
http://borderlinesblog.blogspot.com/2014/10/sonora-chronicles-mining-boosterism-in_29.htm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS 2.0" href="http://RSS_Feed_URL" /></div>Tom Barryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04737814362191331533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542500758583335073.post-758162182786035012014-12-11T11:23:00.000-07:002014-12-11T11:23:09.142-07:00Mining Bust in Sonora<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Mining Disaster on the Sonora River</b> </div>
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<o:p> Tom Barry</o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFxrX1vq8ty7Rx0IvbT0dfhnm2CiVZhC9_1xjCESSVRa7g3PRJzEaQeu5s23FrsIc5i5qHIrsWGZ8r9-IIGVY0NB0CaFepLtB54GPo1mED5PF4U2QsQGpbOBqiC_UQr-UrA2GpyBfSpL7w/s1600/alamos+gold.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFxrX1vq8ty7Rx0IvbT0dfhnm2CiVZhC9_1xjCESSVRa7g3PRJzEaQeu5s23FrsIc5i5qHIrsWGZ8r9-IIGVY0NB0CaFepLtB54GPo1mED5PF4U2QsQGpbOBqiC_UQr-UrA2GpyBfSpL7w/s1600/alamos+gold.jpg" height="426" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: x-small;"><i>Purifying gold in the Mululos Mine of Alamos Gold in the Yaqui River basin / Alamos Gold</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mining in
booming in Mexico and especially along the Sierra Madres in the country’s arid
north. Sonora is leading this boom – accounting for 29% of total production and
with more land covered by federal mining permits than any other state.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">But it
wasn’t the boom in mining that first drew state, national, and international
attention to Sonora’s mining industry. Nor was it the massive expansion over
the past decades of the mining and metallurgical operations of Grupo México –
the country’s mining giant – that sparked scrutiny of the company by
congressional committees and environmental organizations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The mining
boom that is taking hold of eastern Sonora was largely ignored because it took
place in some of the state’s most remote and least traveled regions. It wasn’t
the boom, then that woke up Sonora – and other mining states – to the dangerous
and unregulated mining operations sweeping northern and north-central Mexico.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rather it
was the dramatic mining bust of August 6, 2014.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">That’s when
40,000 cubic meters of orange toxic wastes burst out of the tailings pond of
Grupo México’s immense copper mine near the border town of Cananea. Only after
the tailings pond of the Sonora’s largest mine burst open did <i>Sonorenses</i> and
the Mexican public begin to consider fully the environmental consequences of
virtually unregulated mining in Sonora – and across the nation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">About near
the Arizona-Sonora border, an earthen dam holding back an immense tailings pond
burst open and a flood of toxic copper sulfate acid came rushing down the
Sonora River valley. This wave of toxics from Grupo México’s huge copper mine
in Cananea washed down one of the most beautiful river valleys in Mexico. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Sonora River Valley / Tom Barry</span></i></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mexico’s
environmental secretary called it the “worst natural disaster provoked by the
mining industry in the modern history of Mexico.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Three months
after the catastrophe, Rodolfo Lacy Tamayo, deputy secretary of the
environmental ministry SEMARNAT, observed that the decontamination of the river
and the valley’s wells could take up to ten years.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Grupo México asserted that the cleanup operations in the Sonora River Valley
were almost complete. But SEMARNAT’s Lacy Tamayo underscored the extent of the
catastrophe, observing: “The entire ecosystem was affected, and not only the
Río Sonora itself but also the soil, the alluvium, </span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">and the dam El
Molonito which was totally impacted by the spill, and now has to returned to
its original state – which is the work that has to be done now.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The flood of
toxics – including copper, arsenic, aluminum, cadmium, chromium, manganese and
lead -- poisoned more than three-hundred water wells throughout the river
valley, leaving more than a dozen of small riverside towns without any water –
no water to drink, to bathe with, to irrigate crops, or to give their cattle. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Contaminated water and chemical residue remain concerns of Sonora RIver Valley residents / PROFEPA</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The some 800,000
residents of Hermosillo, the state capital and most populous city, weren’t
directly affected by the environmental disaster-- even though the Sonora River
channel heads directly through the mountain valley into the desert city<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Like
Sonora’s other major rivers – Yaqui and Mayo Rivers – the Sonora River hasn’t
been a free-flowing river for more than five decades. Two dams that block the
river flow: El Molinito (completed in 1991) dam 23 kilometers north of Hermosillo
and the older Abelardo Rodríquez dam (completed in 1962), which rises on the
city’s eastern edge. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Designed to
capture water for agribusiness, the two dams and their reservoirs later became
Hermosillo’s last best hope to quench their rising demands of the booming urban
population and the city’s expanding industrial sector, including the Ford
automobile factory. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The dams
prevented the flood of poison from entering the city and from contaminating its
wells and canals. The National Water Commission (Conagua) halted the release of
water from the El Molinito reservoir because of dramatically increased levels
of contamination. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">During the
past three years, the Yaquis and other members of the movement to oppose the
Novillo-Hermosillo aqueduct, along with Conagua, had been advocating that
Hermosillo make increased use of the water captured in El Molinito,
particularly in wet years and after major rain events in the valley. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">However, For
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hermosillenses</i>, the upshot of the
environmental disaster that struck the Sonora River Valley was to confirm their
conviction that only by tapping the Yaqui River would the city have access to
the quantities of clean water is so desperately needed. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
environmental disaster served as a belated wake-up call for Hermosillo about
the quality of water flowing down the Sonora River. There was increased
awareness that all water flowing down the river valley from Cananea is likely
to be contaminated to some degree by mine wastes, as numerous studies prior to
the environmental disaster have noted. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Hermosillo’s Dependence on Sonora River <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Conagua's Abelardo Rodíguez dam and its usually empty reservoir in Hermosillo / Tom Barry</i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Grupo
México’s Buenavista mine – the world’s fourth largest copper mine – spreads out
next to the stream that feeds the Bacanuchi River, which is a tributary of the
Sonora River. Whatever toxics seep or overflow into the Bacanuchi Sonora River
and its underlying aquifers and river basin. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Sonora
River Valley was once the major inhabited area in what is now Sonora. The towns
– most bearing indigenous names such as Arizpe, Banámichi and Aconchi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-- that are stand on the gravel terraces
overlooking the river and its floodplain date back to the 1630s when the
Jesuits established missions among the Opata and Pima Bajo communities that
thrived along the Sonora River. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">If there
were no Sonora River, there would be no Hermosillo. What now worries Hermosillo
is the city could revert to desert if alternative water sources are not found.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Sonora
River flows southwest through the Sonora River Valley. Near the river’s
confluence with the smaller San Miguel River, a small group of Pimas settled,
farming the floodplain. The Spanish established a presidio here as part of
their campaign to crush the Seri resistance. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Around this
Spanish fort and indigenous settlement, the town of Pitic gradually formed.
Increasing commerce from the north-south traffic along the wagon road through
the desert and the rising importance of the port city of Guaymas to the south
gave Pitic a new importance as a trading center. In 1828 the Mexicans renamed
the town Hermosillo. But it was until 1879 – shortly before the completion of
the Sonoran Railroad -- that Hermosillo became the new capital of Sonora. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">From its
origins, Hermosillo has been dependent on the Sonora River and the water basin
created by the river as turned west through the Costa de Hermosillo before
finally disappearing into the coastal plain. The viability of new commercial
center (based initially on marketing produced from eastern Sonora) and the
agricultural region to the city’s west, north, and south has been integrally
linked to the Sonora River. As the river’s flows diminished because of
over-allocation and rapidly rising urban water consumption, both the city of
Hermosillo and area farmers began recklessly drilling for water in the river
delta. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In the 1950s
the Costa de Hermosillo region became one of Sonora’s leading agricultural
regions. Since the 1980s, however, agribusinesses have abandoned large expanses
of previously irrigated desert as the Sonora River dried up and as salt water
began leaching from the sea into the depleted fresh-water aquifers. Over the
past three decades, pressure has been mounting to find new sources of water to
quench the thirst of the municipality’s residents, agribusiness, and the city’s
new industrial sector. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Initially,
damming the Sonora River provided some assurance that Hermosillo would have a
dependable supply of water. The Abelardo Rodríguez dam and reservoir (completed
in 1962) rose on the city’s eastern edge, and the smaller El Molinito dam and
reservoir started capturing water from major rain events in 1991. However, the
Abelardo Rodríquez reservoir turned into a dusty bowl in 1996-97, precipitating
proposals to transfer water to the city from the Yaqui River. Over the past two
decades, the level of El Molinito reservoir has also dropped dramatically as a
result of drought and over-allocation of water resources in the Sonora River
basin, including by Grupo México’s expanding mining operations. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Summarizing
the plight of Sonora, a study by the Udall Center at the University of Arizona
concluded: Hermosillo, Sonora represents an illustrative case of urban growth
in the context of fixed or declining water resources availability, exacerbated
by climate change, and with important but unresolved challenges of social
vulnerability.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> “<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Cananea in Sonora: one of the largest open-pit mines
in the world,” Geo-Mexico, Oct.2, 2014, at: http://geo-mexico.com/?p=11932<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #345a8a; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS ゴシック"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 181;">[ii]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> “</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Afectados por derrame tóxico toman alcaldía en
Sonora,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Proceso</i>, Dec. 2, 2014, at: http://www.proceso.com.mx/?p=389671<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[iii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gaspar Navarro
Ruiz, “Siguen revueltas las aguas del Río Sonora,” Terómetro, Dec. 1, 2014, at:
http://www.termometroenlinea.com.mx/vernoticiasN.php?artid=43466&cat=201#.VIe9tGTF8Xd<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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al, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Moving Forward from Vulnerability to
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Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico</i>, Udall Center for Studies in
Public Policy, 2012<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS 2.0" href="http://RSS_Feed_URL" /></div>Tom Barryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04737814362191331533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542500758583335073.post-91218393312664653402014-12-09T07:24:00.002-07:002014-12-09T07:24:35.032-07:00Gabions, Trincheras, and a Grand Vision of Land Restoration in the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands<div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: franklin-gothic-urw, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.625; margin-bottom: 1.5625em; padding: 0px;">
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A Gabion Named Marcelino: A Story of Cross-Border Land Restoration</h1>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125em;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Tom Barry </em></strong></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125em;"><a href="http://www.ciponline.org/" style="-webkit-transition: all 200ms ease-in; box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none; transition: all 200ms ease-in;" target="_blank">Center for International Policy</a></span></span></div>
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<i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: franklin-gothic-urw, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal;">Published by Landscapes for People, Food and Nature, at: </span><span style="font-family: franklin-gothic-urw, sans-serif;">http://peoplefoodandnature.org/blog/a-gabion-named-marcelino-a-story-of-cross-border-land-restoration/</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="background-color: white; line-height: normal;">This post is part of an </span><a href="http://wle.cgiar.org/blogs/2014/11/26/conditions-successful-large-scale-land-interventions/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #889158; font-weight: 700; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">online discussion on large-scale land interventions</a><span style="background-color: white; line-height: normal;"> that runs through December 14, 2014. Can these initiatives fulfil their promises? Read more </span><a href="http://wle.cgiar.org/blogs/2014/11/26/conditions-successful-large-scale-land-interventions/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #889158; font-weight: 700; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">here</a><span style="background-color: white; line-height: normal;"> and comment below.</span></i></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.625;">Several kilometers south of the U.S.-Mexico border is a </span><em style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.625;">gabion</em><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.625;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.625;">dam commemorating Marcelino Alfaro. A decade ago Alfaro didn’t know what a</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.625;"> </span><em style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.625;">gabion</em><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.625;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.625;">was.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">But on the January morning in 2014 that Alfaro suffered a fatal heart attack, the seventy-something leader of the Ejido 18 de Agosto was inspecting the <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">gabions</em> (rock-filled baskets formed by a mesh of galvanized wire) and <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">trincheras</em> (gathered rock check dams) that were restoring life to the communal land grant he called home.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">At the reception following the funeral, while mariachis played Alfaro’s favorite rancheras, family and friends decided to memorialize the beloved Marcelino by building another gabion as part of a plan to revive the <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">ejido</em> (government land grant). Present at the reception was Valer Austin, cofounder, with her husband Josiah, of <a href="http://cuencalosojos.org/" style="-webkit-transition: all 200ms ease-in; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; transition: all 200ms ease-in;" target="_blank" title="Cuenca Los Ojos Foundation">Cuenca Los Ojos (CLO)</a>, which since the early 1980s has been acquiring severely degraded ranches along both sides of U.S.-Mexico border.</span></div>
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<a href="http://peoplefoodandnature.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2014/12/AlfaroGabion_Barry.jpg" style="-webkit-transition: all 200ms ease-in; box-sizing: border-box; color: #889158; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; transition: all 200ms ease-in;"><img alt="Marcelino Alfaro inspects a newly-constructed gabion." class="size-large wp-image-8259" height="768" src="http://peoplefoodandnature.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2014/12/AlfaroGabion_Barry-1024x768.jpg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin: 1.25em 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: bottom; width: 696px;" width="1024" /></a><div class="wp-caption-text" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #302b2f; font-family: 'Sentinel A', 'Sentinel B', georgia, serif; font-size: 0.875em; font-style: italic; left: -185px; line-height: 1.625; margin-bottom: 1.5625em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: right; top: 30px; width: 165px;">
Marcelino Alfaro inspects a newly-constructed gabion built by both men and women of the community. Photo Tom Barry.</div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Tapping their own family wealth and working closely with an array of governmental and nongovernmental groups, together with private landowners on both sides of the border, the Austins and their foundation have successfully fostered an alternative vision of border security. The vision is based on innovative concepts of drylands restoration, water harvesting, and restoration communities and economies. Central to their restoration strategy is the construction of <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">trincheras</em> and <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">gabions</em>. CLO has built more than 40,000 <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">trincheras</em>, 50 large <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">gabion</em> dams (many spanning more than 20 meters), and more than four dozen large earth berms over the past three decades on the 750 square kilometers they are restoring.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">“At first, we were alarmed. What little life remained to our community was the water in our wells or the occasional water that ran down the Río San Bernardino,” Alfaro had explained to me in late 2012. “We were convinced that the new ranch owners – Valer and Josiah Austin, along with their Cuenca Los Ojos Foundation – were appropriating what little water remained.”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">The cross-border area is where the U.S states of New Mexico and Arizona, and the Mexican states of Chihuahua and Sonora, meet on the international border. This “four-corners” political character perhaps added to the mistrust Alfaro and his community felt. Here, the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Madre Occidental merge in a series of mountainous outcroppings known as the Madrean Sky Islands Archipelago (or simply, the Sky Islands). The Chihuahuan Desert reaches west to meet the Sonoran Desert – two of the four major deserts of the North American West. “If you had to pick one place in the entire continent where the greatest number of surprising plants and animals mingle in proximity to each other, you would do well to stick your pin in this part of the map,” wrote William duBuys in his 2011 book <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">The Great Aridness</em>.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">The area’s high-desert topography spans four major biotic systems—all of which have been severely degraded after two centuries of mining, logging, and ranching. CLO owns nearly 200,000 acres of it.</span></div>
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<a href="http://peoplefoodandnature.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2014/12/CLOValerAustin_Barry.jpg" style="-webkit-transition: all 200ms ease-in; box-sizing: border-box; color: #889158; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; transition: all 200ms ease-in;"><img alt="CLO’s Valer Austin next to a gabion on a ranch her organization is working to restore." class="size-large wp-image-8260" height="768" src="http://peoplefoodandnature.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2014/12/CLOValerAustin_Barry-1024x768.jpg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin: 1.25em 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: bottom; width: 696px;" width="1024" /></a><div class="wp-caption-text" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #302b2f; font-family: 'Sentinel A', 'Sentinel B', georgia, serif; font-size: 0.875em; font-style: italic; left: -185px; line-height: 1.625; margin-bottom: 1.5625em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: right; top: 30px; width: 165px;">
CLO’s Valer Austin next to a gabion on a ranch her organization is working to restore. Gabions collect soil runoff, thereby restoring incised channels while allowing water to seep into land. Photo by Tom Barry.</div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">More than three decades after it began, the CLO cross-border project is attracting international attention as a global model for drylands restoration. CLO’s many achievements in reviving a long-disappeared desert marshland, <a href="http://geography.wr.usgs.gov/science/aridlands/SanBernardino.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #889158; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="USGS Arid Water Harvesting Study - Cienega San Bernardino">reversing a two-century process of devastating erosion</a>, and restoring wildlife habitats have turned skeptics in the scientific, governmental, and environmental communities into enthusiasts.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Stopping water from <a href="http://youtu.be/yTMoJbRhGCI" style="-webkit-transition: all 200ms ease-in; box-sizing: border-box; color: #889158; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; transition: all 200ms ease-in;" target="_blank" title="YouTube: San Bernardino example...">carrying soil down incised channels</a> and washes is essential in this region swept by summer monsoons, when half of the year’s total precipitation can come from just one rain event. As CLO has amply demonstrated, successful drylands restoration depends on strategies and techniques that not only slow the rush of water across the landscape but also facilitate its infiltration into the landscape.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">“What must happen is that the land must again become a sponge,” says Valer Austin. Rather than shedding water, she explains, land should soak up the little water that comes its way and then give it back in the form of grasslands, desert wetlands, and perennial streams.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">During the final years of his life, Marcelino Alfaro injected hope into the diminishing community of ejidatarios with his belief that Ejido 18 de Agosto could survive. If they joined together to heal the land—then plagued with severely overgrazed rangelands, croplands turned to dust, and deeply incised arroyos threatening to swallow up the village’s center—they could rid themselves of the despair that gripped the impoverished ejido. To memorialize Alfaro, his family, friends, and CLO’s Valer Austin decided on the night of the funeral to build a new <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">gabion</em> dam across one of the most eroded arroyos.</span></div>
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<a href="http://peoplefoodandnature.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2014/12/AlfaroWellLevels_Barry.jpg" style="-webkit-transition: all 200ms ease-in; box-sizing: border-box; color: #889158; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; transition: all 200ms ease-in;"><img alt="Marcelino Alfaro said well levels stopped dropping and the Río San Bernardino flows even during dry months" class="size-large wp-image-8261" height="768" src="http://peoplefoodandnature.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2014/12/AlfaroWellLevels_Barry-1024x768.jpg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin: 1.25em 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: bottom; width: 696px;" width="1024" /></a><div class="wp-caption-text" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #302b2f; font-family: 'Sentinel A', 'Sentinel B', georgia, serif; font-size: 0.875em; font-style: italic; left: -185px; line-height: 1.625; margin-bottom: 1.5625em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: right; top: 30px; width: 165px;">
Marcelino Alfaro said well levels stopped dropping and the Río San Bernardino flows even during dry months thanks to CLO’s water-harvesting and land-restoration practices. Photo by Tom Barry.</div>
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<div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #302b2f; font-family: franklin-gothic-urw, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.625; margin-bottom: 1.5625em; padding: 0px;">
<span style="background-color: white;">Because of CLO’s land restoration work on both sides of the U.S.-Mexico border, a cross-border wetlands area has reemerged, a transboundary river is now flowing year round for the first time in many decades, and desert flora and fauna are abundant across formerly eroded landscapes.</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #302b2f; font-family: franklin-gothic-urw, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.625; margin-bottom: 1.5625em; padding: 0px;">
<span style="background-color: white;">CLO stands at the forefront of this new vision of cross-border environmentalism. It is a vision of land restoration that Mexican <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">ejidatarios</em>, U.S. ranchers, and government agencies on both sides of the border are now making their own.</span></div>
<address style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: franklin-gothic-urw, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<span style="background-color: white;">Tom Barry, senior policy analyst at the Center for International Policy, is the author of numerous books, including three on land-use and agriculture in Mexico and Central America. He is the author of the monograph, “Transborder Drylands Restoration: Vision and Reality After Three Decades of Innovative Partnerships on the U.S.-Mexico Border,” published by S.A.P.I.EN.S, online at: <a href="http://sapiens.revues.org/1553" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #889158; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none;">http://sapiens.revues.org/1553</a>. Barry is currently writing a book on the water crisis and climate change in the TransBorder West.</span></address>
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<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS 2.0" href="http://RSS_Feed_URL" /></div>Tom Barryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04737814362191331533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542500758583335073.post-11190902392337102952014-12-05T13:09:00.000-07:002014-12-05T13:09:33.211-07:00Mining, Megaprojects, and Metrosexuals in Sonora<div class="MsoNormal">
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“Lo metrosexuales nos ha ganado.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(“The metrosexual culture has
beaten us.”)<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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Mining Association (AMSAC) president Joaquin Rojo de la Vega Ulloa, 2011</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tom
Barry<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiseNw8SlLnRLtYusJ-4FzeYHjToJ7IHBgxdqcS3S4PwhSZGAeY919kIPiZ03cTNCCDJ_f85FE4XSLn4y7L1q7CxoBX7Jr3T5C0KPd7e8q-K3MR43i4vHIVhl3aISTGNTrMXMjxQA1Qgwu0/s1600/MINERA-MARIA.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiseNw8SlLnRLtYusJ-4FzeYHjToJ7IHBgxdqcS3S4PwhSZGAeY919kIPiZ03cTNCCDJ_f85FE4XSLn4y7L1q7CxoBX7Jr3T5C0KPd7e8q-K3MR43i4vHIVhl3aISTGNTrMXMjxQA1Qgwu0/s1600/MINERA-MARIA.jpg" height="480" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Minera María, open-pit copper mine owned
by Grupo Frisco in upper Sonora River basin not far from U.S. border and near
Cananea / Photo credit: Soy Cobre.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Public
officials in Mexico routinely boast of the megaprojects undertaken during their
administrations. Presidents, state governors, and mayors assert that it was their
leadership that brought major infrastructure projects to Mexican communities,
thereby boosting social well-being and economic growth. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
operating assumption is that the bigger the megaproject, the better Mexico is.
Since the 1930s this megaproject logic has served as a driving force in the
country’s development plans. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">To
some extent, the political economy of megaprojects can be found the world over.
But in few other countries do public officials so unabashedly brandish the term
megaproject (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">megaproyecto</i>) to promote
their own political legacies as in Mexico. Politics and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">megaproyectos</i> are inextricably linked – regarded as a political
necessity because these construction megaprojects provide jobs to constituents
and government revenues to the allies, friends, and families of politicians in
the business community. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rarely
do the announcement of the initiation of new megaprojects preceded by any
cost-benefit evaluations or even rigorous assessments of need for the projects
or of their budgets. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dams
and the building of tourism centers (such as Cancún or Los Cabos) have long been
among some of the most favored type of megaprojects in Mexico. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In the
case of Sonora, Governor Guillermo Padrés points to the water megaprojects of
Sonora SI (dams and aqueducts) and the natural gas pipeline from the U.S.
border as among his top accomplishments. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Never,
however, do Mexican presidents or governors refer to the major mining
operations that are initiated or expanded on their watch as part of their
megaproject legacy – even though most of the mining projects depend on the
close cooperation of the government through the provision of water, roads,
subsidies, and technical assistance. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">However,
measured by most any standard – quantity of investment, associated
infrastructure, contracts and subcontracts, and land and natural resources
affected – mining projects are certainly <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">megaproyectos</i>.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Conflicting Narratives
about Mining’s Impact and Problems<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
larger mines generally involve displacement of existing communities and the
creation of company towns. In Sonora, Cananea and Nacozari de Cananea (copper
mining by Grupo México) are prime examples. To the east, across the Sierra
Madre Occidental in Chihuahua, the Bismark zinc mine owned by Industrías
Peñoles sits next to the company-owned town of Bismark where the mineworkers
and service staff live not far from the U.S.-Mexico border.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Nongovernmental
organizations involved in environmental protection and indigenous issues point
to mines as among Mexico’s most socially and environmentally destructive
megaprojects. They also note that economic benefits are captured almost
exclusively the transnational mining corporations, including Mexico-based
companies like Grupo México.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“Mining is the megaproject which has cost the
most lives in [workplace and environmental] accidents overall the world,” wrote
Gustavo Castro Solo of the Network of Communities Impacted by Mining (REMA).
Furthermore, “Mining is the megaproject that consumes the most energy and
water, and is the largest cause of environmental contamination.” Mining
projects involve invariably involve corruption, the loss of indigenous
cultures, community divisions, according to REMA.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">[1]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A disconnect between the huge social and
environmental impact of the mining boom and the attention of government to
those impacts. Both the federal and state governments – through agencies
associated with the ministries of economy – closely collaborate with the mining
industry in providing easy access to land, water, and rural communities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This disjuncture is readily evident when
listening to the prevailing narrative about the mining industry as told by the
mining industry and the state’s Direccíon General de Minería, a subagency of
the Secretary of Economy’s office in Hermosillo. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Over the past decade, as the mining industry’s
presence in Sonora has more the doubled, the social and environmental impacts
of mining have grown exponentially – as evident in the rising complaints
registered by mineworkers, environmentalists, university researchers, and
affected communities. However, it wasn’t until the massive spill of toxic water
into the Sonora River basin by Grupo México’s Buenavista copper mine in Cananea
that this gap between the official story and the reality of the costs of this
boom in mining exploration and extraction. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Sonora Miners Association (AMSAC), which
includes the director of the state government’s mining office on its board of
directors, includes most of the major mining companies in Sonora, including the
big three of Mexican mining companies: Grupo México, Grupo Frisco, and
Industrías Peñoles. The membership of the association also includes less
well-known mining firms such as the gold-mining firm Agnico Eagle and Minera
Cascabel. In most cases, the Sonora-based mining firms are fronts for foreign
mining corporations – almost all of which are Canadian.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">[2]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Hermosillo-based Minera Cascabel working
with Mag Silver of Canada organized forces to counter anti-mining majority in
Ejido Benito Juárez, located on the eastern edge of the Sierra Madre
Occidental. / Photo by Tom Barry<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Angered by
the assassination the ejido’s anti-mining figures, Ismael Solorio and Manuela
Solís, and the failure of Minera Cascabel and Mag Silver to remove mining
chemicals and samples farther from town and comply with environmental
regulations, members of Ejido Benito Juárez together with the agrarian
organization El Barzón dump materials along highway. / Photo by Tom Barry<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Such is the case of Minera Cascabel. The
exploration firm has functioned as a front for the Canadian mining firm Mag
Silver. The two companies have come under sharp public scrutiny in Chihuahua after
the October 2012 murders by <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sicarios</i>
(hired killers) of two anti-mining activists. The married couple belonged to
the organization of small farmers and ranchers El Barzón and led the
community’s opposition to the mining operations in the Benito Juárez <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ejido</i>, which is located in the
northwestern part of the state. “From the beginning, we have known who were
involved in the murders. The mining company (Mag Silver and its associate El
Cascabel) used their funds to buy <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sicarios</i>
and killed them,” according the murdered couple’s family.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">[3]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Sonora Mining Association also maintains
close relations with the state government. The chief of the Dirección General
de Minería is a member of the association. And one of the most powerfully
connected members of Sonora’s business class, Miquel Ángel Áyala Guerrero, serves
as AMSAC liaison with state government. Ángel Áyala is owner of couple of
construction companies including Terracerías Construcciones, y Vías Férreas
(Tecovifesa), which is invested in the expansion of Grupo México’s Buenavista copper
mine in Cananea. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Among other work, Tecovifesa builds the dams
and terraces for mine tailings – including the one that failed so spectacularly
on August 6, 2014, contaminating the Sonora River.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Cambria;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span> Tecovifesa is also part of the consortium of
companies, Exploraciones Mineras del Desierto, which has the state contract to
build the controversial (and nearly complete) Novillo-Hermosillo aqueduct.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn5" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">[5]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Ángel
Ávila’s company has received numerous state contracts, including for
construction related to mine maintenance.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn6" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Cambria;">[6]</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Facts and
Fantasy from Sonora’s Mining Association<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A 2011 public letter by AMSAC’s president
Joaquin Rojo de la Vega Ulloa illustrates the perspective of the mining
industry with respect to workers, youth, environment, water use, and security. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpLhoKHYBkXLD_iyRupSaYf7LZ2218VV3Im6bmNBb-Cyj5IWnFcvPr2edAVabOriWId4JnyL2wPUEn0Id2ZXt0QJf7cdJFC-CxvICD_0PaAWyyc9iT0g76_7SgeHWVdTBnVtsTKP0C6cU_/s1600/amsac+president.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpLhoKHYBkXLD_iyRupSaYf7LZ2218VV3Im6bmNBb-Cyj5IWnFcvPr2edAVabOriWId4JnyL2wPUEn0Id2ZXt0QJf7cdJFC-CxvICD_0PaAWyyc9iT0g76_7SgeHWVdTBnVtsTKP0C6cU_/s1600/amsac+president.jpg" height="225" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">AMSAC
president Joaquin Rojo de la Vega Ulloa speaking at 2011 AMSAC meeting. /Mundo
Minero<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In his 2011
public letter and speech, AMSAC president boasted, “Sonora is the top mining
state in Mexico, and [in Sonora] mining far surpasses any other industry” in
the benefits it provides to the state population and economy.<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn7" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
</span>With respect to the foreign exchange (mostly dollars) from exports by the
state’s mining industry, this assertion is certainly true with respect to any
other nonagricultural industry, such as manufacturing. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The assertions
of AMSAC’s president about how the mining industry benefits Sonora mirror the laudatory
declarations by the state government’s own mining agency, Dirección General de
Minería (See </span><a href="http://borderlinesblog.blogspot.com/2014/10/sonora-chronicles-mining-boosterism-in_29.html"><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“Mining Boosterism in Sonora”</span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Although the
figures cited by AMSAC and the Dirección General de Minería likely reflect the
industry’s production and sales, there is a fanciful quality to assertions
about the industry’s social and environmental benefits, as evident in the
dubious assertions by AMSAC’s president, such as the following: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">* “We are
the industry with the most certifications as a clean industry.” Which “means
that government agencies recognize us as agencies that don’t contaminate and
which conserve the environment – and all of this documented.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">* “More than
any other industry, we take care of water resources.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">* “We don’t
contaminate the water, as our detractors assert.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">* “If our
standards for responsibly caring for water were applied to the agricultural or
cattle industries, they couldn’t even operate nor meet our [environmental care]
requirements.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">* The mining
industry plants and conserves more trees than other industries. Our tree
nurseries plant and conserve millions of trees. We aren’t killers of trees, we
are reforesters.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“Only 30
percent of our territory has been explored – and 70% remains unknown.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">AMSAC’s
president Rojo de la Vega did, however, acknowledge that “all isn’t beautiful
and right” with the industry. One major problem, he underscored, was that “young
people today don’t want to work in the mining industry because “they only want
to work in an office, to wear suits, to stay out of the bad weather, and to eat
and sleep when they choose.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Summing up
this major challenge for the mining industry, Rojo de la Vega regretfully
observed: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Lo metrosexuales nos ha
ganado.” (“The metrosexual culture has beaten us.”) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What is more, speaking of the industry’s bad
reputation, he noted that nowadays “comfort prevails over personal and
professional growth.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Many
Sonorans, especially after the August 2014 mining disaster in the Sonora River
Valley, might also take issue with his statement: “We are an industry oriented
to the environment; we are an industry of labor peace; we are an industry of
open and honest communication.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The mining
association president gave the example of the copper mines in Cananea as a
model for what could occur across the state. Mining in Cananea is “generating
an flood of economic wealth that is shaking treasure boxes the world over,”
waxed Rojo in his paean to the glories of mining in Sonora. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Closing his
address, AMSAC’s president underscored the importance of the Cananea model,
pointing out that the “transnationals are there” in Cananea but only the “most
intelligent” Mexican firms. Yet, in the mining sector, “there is opportunity
for everyone,” he concluded.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The only
part of the 2011 discourse by AMSAC’s Rojo de la Vega that attracted national
press attention was his observation about security. Yet here, too, the reality
of mining in Mexico and the official story often don’t correspond to what is
readily apparent to those living in mining regions, particularly the most
remote mines in the Sierra Madres. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">There exists
no single truth about the security of mining megaprojects in Mexico. There are
at least several different ways to view the relationship between the mining
sector and organized crime. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As is
readily observable, most mining operations are highly controlled enclaves to
which there is no public entry. Guards stand at the ready at all the entrances
to the mines, such as Grupo México’s La Caridad mine in Nacozari, even though
the mines operate on public land and use public water supplies. It might be said
that in Mexico there are no other businesses that operate within such tightly
secured perimeters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Throughout
the Sierra Madres, like most centers of mining in Mexico, mining companies often
maintain collaborative relations with organized crime. In some states,
organized crime organizations own or control all extractive industries. A
report by <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">InSight Crime</i>, a
Washington, DC organization that tracks organized crime in the Americas,
reported: “</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Criminal organizations now control the right to mine in at
least five<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mexican <span style="color: black;">states,
according to those working in the sector, in another example of illegal groups
expanding into resource exploitation in areas where state presence is weak.”
The states cited with proven links between the mining industry and organized
crime included Tamaulipas, Chihuahua, Guerrero, Morelos, and Michoacán.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn8" name="_ednref8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">[8]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">AMSAC’s Rojo de la Vega told a different story. According to
his narrative, the mining industry is under assault by organized crime and the
government has not provided adequate security for mining operations, especially
for the transportation of precious metals. As a result, the mining industry in
Sonora suffered a 15% increase in cost of doing business.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Some of those costs, explained the mining association
president, came from the purchasing and operation of security cameras. But most
costly, he said, has been the creation of private security forces. “We have
experienced the need to create our own paramilitary forces.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As long as we don’t have tranquility and the rule of law,
said the AMSAC president, “We have had to create our own systems of security.”
Neither the federal or state governments have made information about the extent
of these mining-related paramilitary forces or about their purview, weaponry,
or violent incidents.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn9" name="_ednref9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">[9]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Yet another perspective comes from mining sector expert
Miguel Valencia at Monterrey Technical School, who has observed that profits
from mining in Mexico are so high that any problems related to crime and
violence don’t detract from the incentives of capturing so much wealth. “It is
such a profitable business that although crime may cost the companies some
money and they have to pay for more security, the flow of investments will
continue,” he said.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn10" name="_ednref10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">[10]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[endif]-->
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Gustavo Castro Soto, “La minería y la Resistencia en
México,” Jan. 13, 2013, at:
http://www.cronicadechihuahua.com/Deudos-de-barzonistas-asesinados,31651.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> AMSAC, “Directorio de Miembros,” at:
http://amsac.com.mx/dir_miem.htm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Deudos de
Barzonistas asesinados denucian el pacto del gobierno con el narco,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La Crónica de Chihuhua</i>, Oct. 22, 2014,
at:
http://www.cronicadechihuahua.com/Deudos-de-barzonistas-asesinados,31651.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref4" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La Jornada</i>, Sept. 12, 2014, at: http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2014/09/12/politica/003n1pol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref5" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Sonora SI, “Curículum de la empresa,” at
http://www.sonorasi.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=253&Itemid=145<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref6" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Sonora SI, “Fondo de Operación de Obras,” at:
http://www.sonorasi.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=256&Itemid=145<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div id="edn7" style="mso-element: endnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref7" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Carta del presidente at: </span><a href="http://amsac.com.mx/cartapresidente.htm"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://amsac.com.mx/cartapresidente.htm</span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> See his 2011 speech to the annual AMSAC meeting at: </span><a href="http://youtu.be/daRFWgLY_Hk"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://youtu.be/daRFWgLY_Hk</span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref8" name="_edn8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Control
Narcotráfico Minas en 5 Estados,” 24 Horas, Aug. 16, 2013, at:
http://www.24-horas.mx/controla-narcotrafico-minas-en-cinco-estados/; “Mexican
Organized Crime Controls Mining in Five States,” InSight Crime, August 18,
2013, at: </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="http://www.insightcrime.org/news-briefs/mexico-organized-crime-controls-mining-in-five-states">http://www.insightcrime.org/news-briefs/mexico-organized-crime-controls-mining-in-five-states</a></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref9" name="_edn9" style="line-height: 32.25pt;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 32.25pt;"> Arturo Vega, “Ahora narco va por oro y plata; mineras
arman grupos,”</span><i style="line-height: 32.25pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Excélsior</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 32.25pt;">,
May 1, 2012.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref10" name="_edn10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Blanca Estela Botello, “Irregular, 30% de mineras,”
Crónica.com, May 20, 2013, at http://www.cronica.com.mx/notas/2013/754413.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS 2.0" href="http://RSS_Feed_URL" /></div>Tom Barryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04737814362191331533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542500758583335073.post-21202696697626346472014-12-03T08:39:00.005-07:002014-12-03T08:39:59.312-07:00Mining Boom and Bust in the Sierra Madres: Part Two: Sonora's Mining Boom<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sonora’s Mining Boom<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<i>(See first in the Mining Boom and Bust in the Sierra Madres at: http://borderlinesblog.blogspot.com/2014/12/mining-boom-and-bust-in-sierra-madres.html) </i></div>
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Tom Barry<o:p></o:p></div>
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Nowhere has Mexico’s mining boom been so deeply felt as in
northern Mexico, particularly in the border states of Sonora and Chihuahua –
states divided from on another by the mighty Sierra Madre Occidental. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The mining boom is also rumbling through other northern states
whose most dominant geographic feature are the two Sierra Madres –Occidental in
the west and Oriental in the east - that range north-south through
north-central Mexico. These include the border state of Coahuila and the north-central
arid states of Zacatecas, Durango, and San Luis Potosí. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Mining production in Mexico has increased eight times since
2001. By the last official count (2012), 50.2% of this mining occurs in the
states along the U.S.-Mexico border.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Times;">[</span><span style="font-family: Times;">i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
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Sonora leads Mexico in the number of mining permits and
production. With respect to the value of production in the mining sector
(including metallurgical processing), Sonora accounted for 29.2% of the
national total, followed closely by Zacatecas, and then Chihuahua, Durango,
Coahuila, and San Luis Potosí – states cut through by the Sierra Madres.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
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Reflecting the national trend, Canadian firms dominate the
foreign mining sector in Sonora, while the Mexico-based transnational Grupo
México dominates mining and metallurgical operations in the state – mainly
because of its copper and molybdenum mines and processing plants in the
northern <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">municipios </i>of Cananea and
Nacozari.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
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From the beginning of post-Columbian history, mining has
vied with agriculture has Sonora’s top wealth-producing industry. The political
and economic elite of Sonora made their homes in the southeastern town of
Álamos, the northernmost of the Spanish empire’s silver towns in Latin America.
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The ostentatious wealth and political power of Álamos would,
however, not been possible without the bounty of the indigenous agricultural
communities of the Sonora, Mayo, and Yaqui River basins that hugged the Sierra
Madre Occidental to the north and those of the Yaqui and Mayo deltas to the
northwest and west. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Unlike the Spanish conquistadores, colonizers, and mining
ventures, the Jesuit missionaries sought out the indigenous communities of
Sonora because of their farming traditions and their belief that the Jesuits
could improve their living conditions through improved farming techniques. The mining
centers of Nueva Vizcaya (northern territory that encompassed Sonora) and the
Jesuit missions (and the associated indigenous communities) experienced a
complementary yet conflictive relationship. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Complementary because silver and gold mining depended on
forced indigenous labor and on the food produced by the native communities.
Conflictive because of Jesuit and indigenous resistance to the demands, taxes,
and repression of the mining-based power centered in Álamos. On both sides of
the Sierra Madre Occidental, indigenous communities rose up in rebellion as the
Spanish and then Mexican miners expropriated indigenous land for their mining
operations and conscripted native labor.<o:p></o:p></div>
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As the political and economic power of the Jesuit missions
grew – based largely on the agricultural wealth of their missions among
indigenous communities – tensions mounted, leading to expulsion of the order in
1767. With the Jesuits gone, the more politically and economically compliant
Franciscans assumed control of the indigenous missions. The mining boom of the
1600s and 1700s came to a halt as Apaches stepped up their raids on new
settlements and mining enterprises throughout the region.<o:p></o:p></div>
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In 1993, before the current mining boom took hold of Sonora,
historian and geographer Robert C. West observed: “In eastern Sonora the
ephemerality of the colonial mining centers in the mountains contrasts strongly
with the permanence of the mission villages in the adjacent river valleys.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
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Over the past two decades, however, the mining industry has again
become the dominant force in the mountains, canyons, and valleys of eastern
Sonora. The mining boom is largely out of sight in western Sonora. In contrast,
the industry’s massive opencast mines, mountains of tailings, water consumption
and contamination, and guarded enclaves have become the most striking and
alarming feature in the landscape of Old Sonora – the mountainous region to the
east of the Sonoran Desert and the source of virtually all of Sonora’s surface
water.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">According the state’s
Dirección General de Minas, the number of mining concessions in Sonora nearly
doubled in the 2007-2012 period. In 2007 there wee 3,844 mining concessions in
Sonora, covering 16% of Sonora’s land. By early 2013, there were 5, 390 mining
concessions that covered 30.2% of Sonora.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn5" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Foreign mining companies – more
than 90% of which are Canadian – have led the surge in mining exploration in
Mexico. In Sonora, too, Canadian firms dominate mining exploration in the state.
Throughout Sonora and Chihuahua, there is rising indignation over the
aggressiveness of the Canadian mining firms. But the major mines in Sonora are
Mexico-based, Mexican-owned transnational corporations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkeRKY_Qs_VpWjD2DJeePlICJwX4DNstWglS0U8P0UWpD8q9mr8MSIzwFGlgW4nXa0HHWT0zNpph1rv47mQG0_iRu_V58PJdJz79gDgl91vfxsV88VY1HFFntT1EZdbJTvz3y0FdwLBEPw/s1600/IMGP1508.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkeRKY_Qs_VpWjD2DJeePlICJwX4DNstWglS0U8P0UWpD8q9mr8MSIzwFGlgW4nXa0HHWT0zNpph1rv47mQG0_iRu_V58PJdJz79gDgl91vfxsV88VY1HFFntT1EZdbJTvz3y0FdwLBEPw/s1600/IMGP1508.JPG" height="480" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Grupo México carries sulfuric acid and other toxic chemicals on Ferromex, the railway monopoly the company owns /Photo by Tom Barry</span></i></div>
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_____________________________________________________________<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: large;">Facts</span><o:p></o:p></u></i></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;">Mining Boom in Sonora</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Sonora leads the nation in the number of active
mining firms (129), followed by Chihuahua (73), Durango (87), Coahuila (49),
and Zacatecas (47).<o:p></o:p></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->There are more permits for mining operations in
Sonora – 4,213 – than for any other state.<o:p></o:p></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Production in Sonora predominates national
production in these minerals: Copper (66%), Gold (29%), Molybdenum (100%),
Wollastonite (100%), Grafite (100%), Selenium (100%) Anthracite carbon (100%). <o:p></o:p></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Area of state covered by mining concessions
doubled from 2007 to 2012, rising from 2.8 million hectares to 5.7 million
hectares – representing an increase from 16.0% of the state’s land area to
30.2%.<o:p></o:p></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Mining concession rose in 2007-2012 from 3,844
to 5,390.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Value of mineral production in Sonora increased
from 30 billion pesos to 72.4 billion in 2012 (current values).<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Copper mining occurs primarily near the
U.S.-Mexico border in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">municipios</i>
of Nacozari de García, Santa Cruz, and Cananea – presenting issues of
transboundary contamination of the Santa Cruz and San Pedro rivers and of
transboundary aquifers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">100% of the state’s production of
gypsum comes from the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">municipio</i> of
Álamos, which will be a prime beneficiary of the Pilares dam on the Mayo River.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Sources</span></i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">:
Secretaría de Economía, “Principales Minas”; Secretaría de Economía,
“Relevancia del sector minero,”;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Servicio Geologico Mexicano, Anuario Estadístico de la Minería Mexicana;
Servicio Geológico Mexicano, Panorama Minero del Estado de Sonora, 2013.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Acuerdo por el que se aprueba el Programa de Desarrollo Minero 2013-2018,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Diario Oficial</i>, May 9, 2014.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times;">[ii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Anuario
Estadístico de la Minería Mexicana</i>,
Edición 2013, Coordinación General de Minería, Secretaria de Economía, p. 14,
at: http://www.economia.gob.mx/files/comunidad_negocios/industria_comercio/informacionSectorial/minero/anuario_mineria_mexicana_2012_ed2013.pdf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times;">[iii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Servicio Geologico Mexicano, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Anuario
Estadístico de la Minería Mexicana</i>; <span style="background: white; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue';">Servicio Geológico
Mexicano, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Panorama Minero del Estado de
Sonora</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, 2013</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Robert C. West, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sonora: Its Geographical
Personality</i> (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1993), pp. 53-55.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref5" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times;">[v]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="background: white; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue';">Servicio Geológico Mexicano, Panorama Minero del Estado de Sonora</span>,
2013.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS 2.0" href="http://RSS_Feed_URL" /></div>Tom Barryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04737814362191331533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542500758583335073.post-3646251893826326692014-12-02T16:29:00.003-07:002014-12-02T16:29:58.445-07:00Mining Boom and Bust in the Sierra Madres<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Part One: Mexico's Mining Boom</span></b></div>
<br />
Tom Barry<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>“Water’s precious. Sometimes may be more precious than gold.”</i></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
- Howard, vagabond U.S. prospector in B. Traven’s</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>The Treasure of the Sierra Madre</i> (1927)</div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipql-htkNV1tCm2BRau_EaPdVH14s0rURvy2mBJnMBQiXPEMEI7Cj1SSOCyXPYNRAiJu8o_FUfgR07XOMBtNEpnUi0Bv_YkVZshzo1G8WXgf9cgcRpEk6RNU7GAl8pb10jChxSvME6MZ24/s1600/La+Caridad.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipql-htkNV1tCm2BRau_EaPdVH14s0rURvy2mBJnMBQiXPEMEI7Cj1SSOCyXPYNRAiJu8o_FUfgR07XOMBtNEpnUi0Bv_YkVZshzo1G8WXgf9cgcRpEk6RNU7GAl8pb10jChxSvME6MZ24/s1600/La+Caridad.jpeg" height="286" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>Grupo Mexico's La Caridad copper mine in northern Sonora.</i></div>
<br />
The treasure of the Sierra Madre still beckons. But the miners are no longer coming to these rugged mountain ranges of northern Mexico with picks and shovels. Nor are searching for veins of precious metals on mules and horses, animated only by their dreams, delusions, and desperation.<br />
<br />
“I think I’ll go to sleep and dream about piles of gold getting bigger and bigger and bigger,” remarked Fred C. Dobbs (played by Humphrey Bogart in the film version of The Treasure of the Sierra Madre.) Dreams of making it rich by mining the treasures of Mexico are coming true, as never before.<br />
<br />
The Mexican government is making modern mining dreams come true. Nonexistent or unenforced regulations –whether regarding occupational safety, environmental degradation, water extraction, and control of hazardous wastes – make Mexico one of the world’s most profitable countries for the mining industry. Government agencies – both federal and state – that have authority over the mining industry serve as mining boosters rather than as regulators.<br />
<br />
Like the control of Mexico’s water resources (both surface and groundwater), the federal government has primary authority over the country’s mineral resources. State governments, notably Chihuahua, Durango, and Sonora, have their own initiatives to promote and facilitate mining in their territories.<br />
<br />
Today’s mining ventures differ substantially in scope than the prospecting ventures depicted by B. Traven in The Treasure of the Sierra Madre. Most are multimillion-dollar operations, and some like the Cananea and Nacozari de García copper mines of Grupo México are multi-billion dollar ventures.<br />
<br />
But many similarities remain. Then as now, most mines – from the smallest artisanal ventures to the monstrously large open-pit mines that consume entire landscapes – are found in remote mountainous regions far from major population centers and transportation routes.<br />
<br />
The new rash of gold, silver, zinc, and copper mines are tearing up canyons, mountain slopes, and forests out of sight of most Mexicans. Even though Sonora and Chihuahua lead Mexico in the number of new mining operations, few Chihuahuenses or Sonorenses have ever been close to a mine.<br />
<br />
Most mines are hidden behind mountain ranges, tucked into the folds of remote bajadas, or occupy gravel terraces by the sides of rivers flowing through sparsely inhabited canyons and valleys. And those communities whose land and water that the mining industry consumes in its search for treasure are generally poor, often indigenous, and utterly lacking political power or influence.<br />
<br />
Yet as Joaquin Rojo de la Vega, president of the Sonora Mining Association (AMSAC) observed in a speech to mining executives and government officials: “I can assure those that haven’t seen it that for Sonora mining is the principal industry.”<br />
<br />
<b>Mexico’s Mining Boom</b><br />
<br />
A frenetic search for gold, silver, and copper, among other minerals, is occurring across the U.S.-Mexico border in the country’s arid northwest. It’s an explosion of mineral extraction and mineral exploration with no modern precedent – but eerily echoes the march of Spanish expeditions into northern and northwestern Mexico in their search of precious metals.<br />
<br />
Foreign mining firms, mostly Canadian, are leading the charge to exploit Mexico’s mineral wealth. Most of the new mineral exploration and extraction operations are occurring in northern Mexico, but the mining boom has spread across the country.<br />
<br />
Transnational mining companies (both Mexico-based and foreign-based) are scouring the Sierra Madres (Occidental and Oriental) for the gold and silver that lured the Spanish to northern Mexico in 16th and 17th centuries. But today Mexico is also a major producer of copper, zinc, molybdenum, among other minerals and metals.<br />
<br />
These companies – including major foreign firms such as Alamos Gold, GoldCorp, MagSilver, Agnico Eagle, and Newmont Mining -- along with Mexico-owned giants such as Grupo México, Industrías Peñoles, and Grupo Frisco – have exploration permits for more than 15% of Mexico’s territory. The government’s ministry of economy is luring new investment with an array of subsidies, financing, training, and technical assistance – and by reminding mining companies that 70% of the country remains unexplored for its mineral treasures.<br />
<br />
Mining and mineral exploration are booming throughout Mexico – more than doubling between 2007 and 2012. Nowhere is Mexico’s mining boom so evident and deeply felt as in northwestern Mexico. In 2001-2012, production by mineral and metallurgy industries increased 773%. Recent downturns in commodity prices, however, have slowed the new investment and production.<br />
<br />
In the arid northern states cut through north to south by the Sierra Madre Occidental and the Sierra Madre Oriental, as much as 30% of the territory in northern border states such as Sonora and Chihuahua is under mining exploration or extraction contracts. Mexico’s leading mining states are Sonora, Zacatecas, Chihuahua, Durango, and San Luis Potosí. In 2012 these five states in Mexico’s mountainous north accounted for 71% of total minerals production. <br />
<br />
The mining boom is spreading down from the border to Mexico’s south. The largely indigenous states of Guerrero and Chiapas have experienced the most rapid expansion of mining operations, and rank, respectively, as Mexico’s seventh and tenth most important mining states.<br />
<br />
During the Porfiriato (1876-1910), the Mexican government opened the country to foreign mining, agricultural, and commercial investors, giving these U.S. investors a free hand in exploiting Mexico’s human and natural resources. The repression by Arizona Rangers and Mexican Rurales of a 1906 mineworkers’ attempt to organize helped sparked militant opposition to the Porfírio Díaz regime, prefiguring the 1910-1917 Mexican Revolution. Today, the famous “Cárcel de Cananea” (Jail of Cananea), where strikers were imprisoned, is a national historic monument and “Museum of the Workers’ Struggles.”<br />
<br />
The rush of foreign mining companies into Mexico and the government’s open-door policy for all mining investment recalls the greed of the pre-revolutionary regime. Yet the largest mining firms in Mexico are Mexico-based companies owned by the country’s leading plutocrats. Whether foreign-owned or Mexico-based, the mining industries share a disregard for the country’s scarce water resources and for the environment. Communities in mining regions are regarded as obstacles to making mining dreams come trues, and its leaders and activists are among the nation’s many victims of human rights abuses.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWlDQsXdblXoUa_V_YlIwEjG6Z3ZLdbWq8rbPBY5LGSSJnD06IiRNKvz3lSuqAoJhOswF31SbRj3FbZWj3DEAaxIf9eUQrNMPlifu9IP93KPrE8GXRwXPLf1vF8DvU19laYeVtbOPMZmEX/s1600/alamos+gold+universal.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWlDQsXdblXoUa_V_YlIwEjG6Z3ZLdbWq8rbPBY5LGSSJnD06IiRNKvz3lSuqAoJhOswF31SbRj3FbZWj3DEAaxIf9eUQrNMPlifu9IP93KPrE8GXRwXPLf1vF8DvU19laYeVtbOPMZmEX/s1600/alamos+gold+universal.jpeg" height="300" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Protesting displacement and environmental destruction by Los Alamos Gold / El Universal</i></span></div>
<br />
__________________________________________________________<br />
<br />
<u><i>Facts</i></u><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Mexico’s Mining Boom</b></div>
<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Mexico is currently the world’s 14th largest minerals exporting nation, and the 4th largest in Latin America.<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Mexico is among the world’s top ten producers of 16 minerals.<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>World’s leading silver producer; second largest for bismuth and fluorite; third for celestite and wollastonite; fifth for cadmium, lead diatomite; and molybdenum; seventh for gold, zinc, and gypsum; eighth for barite and graffite; ninth for salt, and tenth for copper.<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Between 2010 and 2012, non-oil extraction increased at an annual rate of 11.8% -- one of the most dynamic sectors in the national economy.<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Mexico's Mining Development Trust (FIFOMI) in its bid to attract more mining operations notes that 30% of the country has been explored for mineral, leaving 70% available for exploration and mineral extraction.<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Mining sector (including processing minerals) constituted 4.9% of domestic gross product (PIB) in 2012.<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>$30.8 billion was invested in Mexico’s mining sector in 2001-2012, with a record-breaking $8 billion in 2012 alone.<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Secretary of Economy projects that $35 billion will be invested in mining sector during the sexenio of President Peña Nieto.<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Mining is Mexico’s fourth largest sources of foreign exchange, reaching $22.7 billion in 2012. Ranking above mining as a source of dollars are the automobile industry, electronics and electricity industries, and oil industry.<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Employment in mining increased at an average annual rate of 1.3% in 2001-2012, higher than the national average for total employment growth by nearly 1% below the industry’s increase in production.<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Mineral and metallurgical exports increased more than 800% from 2001 to 2012.<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The federal government issued 28,807 minerals exploration and mining permits in 2001-2012 -- covering 61.8 million hectares. The ministry of economy issued 198 permits each for 50,000 or more hectares to the transnational mining companies, most of which received multiple permits.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Sources</i>: “Acuerdo por el que se aprueba el Programa de Desarrollo Minero 2013-2018,” Diario Oficial, May 9, 2014; “Mining Industry in Mexico: A Golden Opportunity,” Negocios ProMéxico, February 2014; Anuario Estadístico de la Minería Mexicana, Edición 2013, Coordinación General de Minería, Secretaria de Economía, at: http://www.economia.gob.mx/files/comunidad_negocios/industria_comercio/informacionSectorial/minero/anuario_mineria_mexicana_2012_ed2013.pdf</span><br />
__________________________________________________________<br />
<br />
<br />
News from Mexico about organized crime, widespread violence, and police and military impunity has overshadowed other trends that are roiling the stability of the northern states. <br />
<br />
Among the most disturbing trends that are shaking the social and political stability in Mexico’s north are the following four:<br />
<br />
1) Escalating crisis over access to scarce water supplies,<br />
<br />
2) Increasing concentration of rural land among a relatively few landholders, mirroring pre-revolutionary land tenure patterns,<br />
<br />
3) Rush by the transnational mining industry to extract Mexico’s mineral reserves without regard to adverse impacts on the environment and rural communities and without facing the counterweight of an organized workforce, and<br />
<br />
4) Disproportional impact on indigenous communities from the mountains and barrancas of the Sierra Madre Occidental to the rainforests of southern Mexico.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
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<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS 2.0" href="http://RSS_Feed_URL" /></div>Tom Barryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04737814362191331533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542500758583335073.post-25047481177944957982014-12-02T05:17:00.004-07:002014-12-02T05:18:17.356-07:00Grupo México Drinks Public’s Water in Cananea<div class="MsoNormal">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAJJ8VmySFxoXsoU5VuTo6e7QiHg-0fvo273-8Atr10aVW-ilxgHw8eVxAOPLp1PzCByr3wCrnYZ3-W6swfXzwUx-2HyCF6lQX-pVMzmlfNplnXe-3UjYSfRJ3jB5T6H2_mwDMvHnKdZdE/s1600/DSCF2171.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAJJ8VmySFxoXsoU5VuTo6e7QiHg-0fvo273-8Atr10aVW-ilxgHw8eVxAOPLp1PzCByr3wCrnYZ3-W6swfXzwUx-2HyCF6lQX-pVMzmlfNplnXe-3UjYSfRJ3jB5T6H2_mwDMvHnKdZdE/s1600/DSCF2171.JPG" height="480" width="640" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<i>Sonora River Valley south of Cananea / Tom Barry</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Mining Water in Sonora: Part Two</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
(<i>Part Two of three articles on Grupo México's use and abuse of water resources in Sonora. First in series at: http://borderlinesblog.blogspot.com/2014/11/grupo-mexico-and-yaqui-water-war.html)</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Governmental corruption and deception obstruct a full
account of Grupo México's water consumption and water contamination in Sonora. Despite the August 2014 flood of toxics in the Río Sonora, Grupo México has maintained a lockdown on information about its use of Sonora's water resources. At the same time, however, Grupo México floods business information markets with a steady stream of media releases boasting about its low-cost
production, surge in revenues, and oligopolistic hold on mining,
transportation, and ancillary service industries.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Since 1997 Conagua has issued a stream of permits to Grupo
México to extract groundwater in aquifers that the agency itself has repeatedly
declared as being severely over-exploited – where natural recharge rates are
far exceeded by the extraction rates. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If
one were to accept that the firm used only the amount specified in its Conagua
permits, the copper mining operations in Cananea, according to one media
report, use 75% more than the seven <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">municipios</i>
in the Sonora River basin.<a href="http:/#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times;">1</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 2002-2005 Conagua issued nine concessions for mining in
Cananea area to Grupo México for water extraction from two aquifers that are
covered by federal restrictions or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">vedas</i>
(against the drilling of new water wells, according to media reports in Mexico.<a href="http:/#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times;">2</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">vedas</i> – issued in 1967 and 184 –
prohibited all new water wells unless they were explicitly for urban public
use. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
These permits, which the Vicente Fox administration issued,
allowed the extraction of 28 million of cubic meters of water from aquifers
that Conagua describes as being severely over-exploited. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Until recently Grupo México’s water permits<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>– including five issued by Conagua in 2012 –
were for pumping in Sonora river aquifers (notably by the Bacanuchi tributary
that was flooded with sulfuric acid in August 2014). According to media
reports, Conagua in 2013 issued a wide-ranging permit to Grupo México to begin
drilling in the San Pedro River basin as part of its multi-billion dollar
expansion in the Cananea region. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
According to a report by <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Proceso
</i>and other media reports, this latest permit <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-- like the previous ones -- specifies that
the water should be used only for urban public consumption (“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">uso público urbano</i>”)– not for mining or
industrial operations.<a href="http:/#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times;">3</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
None of these water-extraction permits includes permission for the discharge of
used water – whether contaminated or not -- back into the aquifer. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Conagua has not been forthcoming about the permits it has
issued to Grupo México for either its Cananea or Nacozari operations. Nor has
the federal agency provided any calculations of the quantity of water consumed
– with or without permits -- at Sonora’s largest mines. Upon questioning by congressional
deputies, Conagua director David Korenfeld did, however, acknowledge that at
least for four years (1999-2002) the Buenvavista mine did use potable water for
mining activities under an urban-use permit.<a href="http:/#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times;">4</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Conagua is one of Mexico’s most corrupt, nontransparent, and
unaccountable federal agencies. Water permits are bought and sold regardless of
water-use restrictions or well-drilling prohibitions. Permits for one well
commonly are used to drill a battery of wells. The permits on record in Conagua
regional offices don’t even closely reflect the water-use patterns in any
region because of the proliferation of illegal, cloned, or “irregular” permits
that exist.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Conagua’s water-extraction permits for Grupo México’s Cananea
operations are what are commonly known as “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">concesiones
irregulars</i>” – permits that don’t conform to the national water law. Yet
especially in the arid states, there are more irregular water permits than
legal ones, given the restrictions on new wells in overexploited water basins. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Mexican government hasn’t filed criminal or civil
charges against Grupo México for what a federal government official called the
“worst natural disaster” in Mexico’s mining history.” That should be of no
surprise. The sheer economic power of Mexico’s largest mining company accounts
for Grupo México’s continued privileged status and impunity. Since the 1980s
the federal government (under both PRI and PAN leadership) has effectively
colluded with Grupo México to evade Mexico’s environmental and water laws. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Conagua
isn’t the only federal agency that has in effect allowed Grupo México to mine
and process copper outside of the government’s environmental and water-use
regulations. The Buenavista mine can point to more than five-dozen federal
permits it has received from SEMARNAT, PROFEPA, Conagua, and the economic
ministry. PROFEPA, the federal agency in charge of enforcing environmental
regulations, has categorized Grupo México as a “clean industry,” thereby
facilitating new permits for changes in land-use, such as clearing forested
land for mining operations and tailings ponds. Most of the federal permits
don’t expire until after 2050.
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<br />
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<a href="http:/#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Proceso</i>
online, Sept. 23, 2014; Georgina Howard, “Permite Conagua desorden minero,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Reporte Indigo</i>, Sept. 30, 2014. Media
reports cite a PRD congressional commission investigating the August 6, 2014
contamination.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="http:/#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Angélica Enciso L, “Minera Buenavista del
Cobre opera en Cananea con permisos de agua irregulars,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La Jornada</i>, Sept. 23, 2014.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
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<a href="http:/#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Proceso</i>
online, Sept. 23, 2014 Georgina Howard, “Permite Conagua desorden minero,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Reporte Indigo</i>, Sept. 30, 2014. Media
reports cite a PRD congressional commission investigating the August 6, 2014
contamination.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
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<a href="http:/#_ednref4" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> “Explotó Grupo México agua de ríos
ilegalmente: Conagua,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La Jornada,</i>
Sept. 30, 2014.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer"><link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Atom 0.3" href="http://Atom_Feed_URL" />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS 2.0" href="http://RSS_Feed_URL" /></div>Tom Barryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04737814362191331533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542500758583335073.post-81738522508881916362014-12-01T16:13:00.003-07:002014-12-02T04:53:00.959-07:00Mexico's Three Mining Giants<div class="WordSection1">
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Mining Giants: </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Carlos Slim Helú, Alberto Bailléres González, and Germán Larrea Mota-Velasco </span></b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<b>By Tom Barry<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmkzFvhI11QD_7HCB1G-hXuDQ6JZgv9ojLRdy_VDLaUlUBXwK40WNXZIq0ad7WcOHmepttDp9WYT5MVMxApkqdumn-_3x0jn36hU3EFFDHv2PAFYYyqS9xoYsphg2n6CEz7NZ3i1jwMYuh/s1600/grupo_mexico.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmkzFvhI11QD_7HCB1G-hXuDQ6JZgv9ojLRdy_VDLaUlUBXwK40WNXZIq0ad7WcOHmepttDp9WYT5MVMxApkqdumn-_3x0jn36hU3EFFDHv2PAFYYyqS9xoYsphg2n6CEz7NZ3i1jwMYuh/s1600/grupo_mexico.JPG" height="188" width="400" /></a></div>
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The three richest men in Mexico – Carlos Slim Helú, Alberto
Bailléres González, and Germán Larrea Mota-Velasco -- are also the owners of
Mexico’s top three mining corporations. <o:p></o:p></div>
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That fact about wealth distribution Mexico highlights three
attributes and advantages of Mexico’s mining industry. Most important are the
close historical and current links between Mexico’s major mining companies and
the federal government. Also critical is the industry’s continuing impunity:
laws and regulations regarding occupational-safety, environmental-protection,
and national water laws are simply not enforced. All of which help explain the
low costs and high profitability of Mexico’s mining sector – benefiting both
Mexico-based firms like Grupo México and foreign ones like Newmont Mining.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Prior to the 1910-17 Mexican Revolution, foreign mining
companies, mainly U.S. firms, defined Mexico’s mining sector – its treatment of
mineworkers, privileged status with the government, disregard for the
environment, displacement of communities and indigenous groups, and, of course,
the immense profits that flowed north to the United States. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Despite the recent proliferation of foreign mining firms
(overwhelmingly Canadian), Mexican investors and Mexican “social capital”
(injection of government revenues) have constituted the core of Mexico’s mining
sector over the past four decades. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The foreign mining firms that since the mid-1990s spread
throughout Mexico looking for precious metals are following the lead set by the
Mexican mining giants -- whether it be environmentally reckless mining
practices, illegal consumption and contamination of water, and abusive
treatment of communities near mining sites. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The Mexico-based mining companies account for about
three-fifths of the nation’s minerals production. Their privileged relationship
with the government and its regulatory agencies has set the pattern for favored
treatment that the new mining investors enjoy.<br />
<br />
Underscoring the transnational identity of Mexico’s dominant mining firms is their preference for English in most of their media releases, stock offering, and company profiles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> differentiation between Mexico-based and foreign-based firms is also blurred by
the transnational flow of credit, capital, income, and profit. While their
headquarters are in Mexico City, their financial presence is mostly on Wall
Street. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The three mining oligarchs – Larrea, Bailléres, and Slim –
have mining and other enterprises throughout Mexico. All three men and their
companies are prominent presences in Sonora – Mexico’s top mining state.
Sonora’s profile as the state with the most mining permits and most minerals
production attracted national attention in August 2014 after Grupo México
flooded the Sonora River with toxic wastes – what a federal government official
called the “worst natural disaster in Mexico’s mining history.” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Larrea, who <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Forbes</i>
magazine called the “King of Copper,” owns 51% of Grupo México, which is the
Mexico’s leading mining company. Bailléres owns Grupo Bal, whose mining
subsidiary Industrias Peñoles is Mexico’s second largest mining firm. Slim, the
world’s richest man according to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Forbes </i>(for
the fourth consecutive year), owns Minera Frisco among numerous other Mexican
companies.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></span></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Mineworker statue in Cananea / Photo by Tom Barry</i></span></div>
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All three companies and their owners are major economic
players in Sonora. However, Grupo México is by far the leading mining
corporation in the state. Its huge copper and molybdenum mining and processing
operations in Cananea and Nacozari de García dominate the state’s mining sector.
(See accompanying Grupo México box.) <o:p></o:p></div>
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Huge footprints of these three giants of Mexico’s mining
sector are showing up throughout Sonora. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Industrias Peñoles is Mexico’s largest gold, zinc, and lead
producer, and the company is expanding rapidly in Sonora. In a partnership with
two of the world’s most environmentally destructive mining companies --
Fresnillo (Great Britain, and formerly a wholly owned subsidiary of Peñoles)
and Newport Mining (U.S) -- Peñoles has many gold and silver exploration
operations in Sonora. Peñoles also has joint minerals exploration initiatives
in Peru and Chile with Fresnillo, which owns the largest silver mine in Mexico.
<o:p></o:p></div>
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Peñoles owns Mexico’s largest zinc mine, which is located
near the international border on the Chihuahua side of the Sierra Madre
Occidental. It’s subterranean mine has is depleting the aquifers in the border <i>municipio </i>of Ascensión and is reportedly
threatening the water supplies of Ciudad Juárez.<o:p></o:p></div>
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In Sonora, Peñoles operates three gold mines: Herradura
(with Fresnillo), Soledad-Dipoloes, and Noche Buena, all of which are open-pit
mines. In the border <i>municipio</i> of
Santa Cruz, Peñoles is expanding its copper mining operations at its Milpillas
mine, and the company is developing another copper mine near Caborca called Los
Humos.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn2" name="_ednref2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">[ii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
In its 2013 annual report, Peñoles acknowledged that water shortages present a
major obstacle for its operations in Sonora and other arid states, notably
Chihuahua, Zacatecas, and Durango.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Carlos Slim’s Minera Frisco has been expanding its open-pit
copper mine in the Cananea area since 1980 through its Minera María subsidiary.
In 1999 the company’s operation in Cananea started processing cathodic copper.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn3" name="_ednref3" title="">[iii]</a></span></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn3" name="_ednref3" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Minera Frisco's copper mining operation in Cananea area, Minera María / Grupo Frisco</i></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Érika Ramírez, “Empresarios mineros, los más ricos de México,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Contralinea.com</i>, 23 de abril de 2013,
at: http://contralinea.info/archivo-revista/index.php/2013/04/23/empresarios-mineros-los-mas-ricos-de-mexico/<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[ii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Industrias Peñoles, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Reporte Annual 2013</i>,
at: http://cs.penoles.com.mx/cs/groups/public/documents/document/bmv0/mda0/~edisp/prodextranet004678.pdf<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[iii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Minera Frisco: Minera María, at: http://www.minerafrisco.com.mx/ES/Unidades_mineras/Paginas/minera_maria.aspx<o:p></o:p></div>
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<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS 2.0" href="http://RSS_Feed_URL" /></div>Tom Barryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04737814362191331533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542500758583335073.post-30402038325764417782014-11-25T16:03:00.000-07:002014-11-25T16:03:45.690-07:00Grupo México and the Yaqui Water War<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Mining Water in Sonora: Part One</span></b></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">(Map of principal mining operations / Dirección General de Minería.)</span></i></div>
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Grupo México is likely single largest water consumer in
Sonora. The mining giant almost certainly contaminates more surface water and
groundwater than any other private entity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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But no one – except Grupo México executives -- knows how
much water the company uses and how much it contaminates. <o:p></o:p></div>
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That’s because Grupo México and the entire mining sector in
Sonora operate behind a shield of government secrecy, favors, and corruption. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The public guardians of water in Sonora -- the State Water
Commission (CEA) and the National Water Commission (Conagua) – don’t regulate
the company’s water use and don’t monitor its discharges of contaminated water.
The federal government’s environmental agencies – SEMARNAT and PROFEPA– are
charged with protecting Mexico’s natural resources and assessing the
environmental impact of commercial and industrial operations, but instead
collaborate with polluters to keep money flowing.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
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But it is not only this shield of governmental collusion
with Grupo México and the mining industry that keeps fundamental facts about
the use and destruction of natural resources a secret. Citizens and researchers
can’t find out the essential facts of the industry’s operations because the
Grupo México mining and metallurgical complexes in northern Sonora are heavily
guarded enclaves. Only in extraordinary circumstances – such as the company’s
massive contamination of the Sonora River in August 2014 or the company’s
heartless disregard for the fate of the 65 mineworkers trapped and dying in its
Pasta de Conchos Mine in Coahuila in February 2006 – do some of the dirty
secrets of the Grupo México – government collusion come to light.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Sonora like its neighboring states on either side of the
international border is caught in a deepening water crisis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-- one that is largely its own making but now
made ever more grim by the onslaught of climate change with its more extreme
weather, prolonged droughts, and rising temperatures. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Grupo México is a major player in this crisis because of
massive consumption of water. The virtual absence until recently of public,
media, and governmental scrutiny of Grupo México’s water-use and environmental
practices is a testament to the company’s privileged status in Mexico and
especially in Sonora. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Grupo México's railway company with tanker car carrying sulphuric acid /Photo by Tom Barry</i></div>
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This lack of scrutiny is all the more stunning given that
its two mining complexes are situated in the upper basins of Sonora’s two most
important rivers: the Buenavista del Cobre mine in Cananea in the Río Sonora
basin which feeds the state’s capital and most populous city, and the La
Caridad mining and metallurgical complex at the company town of Nacozari de
García and next to the La Angostura dam and reservoir on Río Bavispe which
feeds the mighty Yaqui River and sustains the state’s most productive
agricultural region in the Yaqui Valley. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Recently, the expansion of Grupo México’s excavation and
processing activities in the Cananea region are also increasingly putting the
San Pedro river basin at risk, underscoring the cross-border implications and
political repercussions of the expansion of this transnational mining company.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Since 2010 a water war has set Sonora on edge. The Yaqui
Water War concerns the historic use and the water rights of the Sonora and
Yaqui Rivers. Yet despite its depredation of the water resources of both
rivers, the central role of Grupo México in depleting and contaminating these
two river basins has been largely unexamined – due to its privileged status
with the state and federal governments and the impenetrability of its guarded
mining enclaves. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Government and company secrets obstruct a complete
accounting of the extent of Grupo México’s depredations of the Sonora, Yaqui,
and San Pedro Rivers. Despite the social, economic, and political tensions of
the Yaqui Water War and despite the company’s responsibility for the worst
environmental disaster in the history of mining in Sonora, there are still only
bits and pieces of information available about the role of Grupo México in
accelerating the water crisis that is threatening the future of Sonora and the
border region. <o:p></o:p></div>
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It is likely that only Grupo México knows how much surface
and groundwater it extracts from the aquifers associated with the Yaqui, San
Pedro, and Sonora Rivers. Even the government, which issues the company
hundreds of permits for water consumption and land use, has only the scantiest
data about the company’s actual water use and environmental impacts. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The involved government agencies pose as regulators, monitors,
protectors of the nation’s natural resources, when in fact, as events have so
starkly demonstrated, the agencies that are charged with controlling Grupo
México serve more as facilitators and enablers. SEMARNAT, PROFEPA, CEA, and
Conagua are in effect (and by choice) bystanders in the plundering and rape of
Sonora’s water resources. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4IvGUmyrDnqhTqsDMsEBhcDhOFqPgKoruXjzSlZ_K8kYj0YMQgU6E2fiMruAXJXXzN80bufGSdKTCyhxNdZCxL6vXLsQldOWGdPp7bK-aXe8FxfGLyikbTOrXUVgTex2hdOURne330vpj/s1600/caridad.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4IvGUmyrDnqhTqsDMsEBhcDhOFqPgKoruXjzSlZ_K8kYj0YMQgU6E2fiMruAXJXXzN80bufGSdKTCyhxNdZCxL6vXLsQldOWGdPp7bK-aXe8FxfGLyikbTOrXUVgTex2hdOURne330vpj/s1600/caridad.jpg" height="480" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i>La Caridad Mine,with aqueduct and processing ponds.</i></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">SEMARNAT is </span><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">the </span><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretar%C3%ADa_de_Medio_Ambiente_y_Recursos_Naturales" title="Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y
Recursos Naturales</span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,
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<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS 2.0" href="http://RSS_Feed_URL" /></div>Tom Barryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04737814362191331533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542500758583335073.post-71750599112413213352014-11-18T13:50:00.000-07:002014-11-18T13:50:30.782-07:00Damming the New Sonora<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">New and Old Hydraulic Societies in Sonora</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSe-ymgvdBaX8fGFuHX0G1djXZtMF6vah6J2NszqQ92DbIswcyiqQN_p_qmfyu1Km-btkTj9KlZ4j_OzGjFStLj-rk5UBdexTbg1bYa1z6z1ndfhyphenhyphenktOq1dj5WJWK_Le4A7OeFwxXUOx63/s1600/nuevo+sonora.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSe-ymgvdBaX8fGFuHX0G1djXZtMF6vah6J2NszqQ92DbIswcyiqQN_p_qmfyu1Km-btkTj9KlZ4j_OzGjFStLj-rk5UBdexTbg1bYa1z6z1ndfhyphenhyphenktOq1dj5WJWK_Le4A7OeFwxXUOx63/s1600/nuevo+sonora.jpeg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Like other states in the Transborder West, population
growth and economic development and modernization are products of hydraulic
manipulations. Damming, diverting, and drilling have turned the Sonoran Desert –
which covers nearly 40% of the state -- into a green belt for agribusiness and
the state’s urban core. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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society have depleted water basins, turned rivers into dusty riverbeds, and
precipitated a rash of social, political, and economic conflicts. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">To keep Sonora developing and to satisfying the
ever-increasing demands for more water, Governor Guillermo Padrés Elías in 2010
created a new executive branch agency called Sonora SI (Integrated Systems) to supervise
the launching new hydraulic projects. With federal funding from Conagua
(National Water Commission), Sonora SI promises to complete 24 water projects, including
new dams, irrigation canals, deep water wells, and aqueducts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The goal of the first Sonora SI water
megaproject – the Independencia or Novillo-Hermosillo aqueduct – was to solve
the acute water shortages in Hermosillo, which is the state’s capital and the
home of nearly one-third of the state’s population. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Hermosillo residents, construction companies,
industries, and agribusiness resoundingly approved of the new aqueduct, which
reached the city in late 2013. However, in the lower Yaqui River basin the
traditional and current beneficiaries greeted the proposal to transfer water
from the Yaqui River with an angry “No.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Yaquis soon became the militant vanguard of
the “No al Novillo” coalition opposing the construction and operation of the
aqueduct. The focus of the anti-aqueduct coalition was the transfer of 75 million
cubic meters (75 Mm<sup>3</sup>) of water from the Yaqui River Basin to the
badly depleted Sonora River Basin. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Yaqui water war has also raised questions
about the sustainability of Sonora’s hydraulic society -- and about the political
viability of new plans to further manipulate the state’s increasingly scarce
water supplies. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #660000; font-family: Cambria;"><i><br /></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: Cambria;"><i>Gov. Padrés at aqueduct pumping </i></span><i style="color: #660000; font-family: Cambria;">station on Novillo Reservoir / Periódico Digital</i></span></div>
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<span style="color: #660000; font-family: Cambria;">_</span><span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="color: #660000;">_</span><span style="color: #990000;">__________________________________________________________________________________________________________<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 16pt;"><span style="color: #990000;">Sonora Water Facts<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria;">Sonora has 27 major or
mid-sized dams – 18 of which are located in the Yaqui River basin, with four on
the Concepción River, three on the Sonora River, and two on the Mayo River.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #990000;"><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: Symbol; layout-grid-mode: line; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: Cambria; layout-grid-mode: line; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">There
are six water basins associated with six rivers: Río Sonoita, Río Concepción,
Río Sonora, Río Mátape, Río Yaqui y Río<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Mayo.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Annual precipitation:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>427 milímetros (national average is 772 mm).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Fifth driest state (following Baja California
Sur, Baja California Norte, Coahuila, and Chihuahua).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Average annual surface water flows were 5,459
million cubic meters but total annual demand was 5,500 Mm<sup>3</sup> –
constituting a deficit of 41 Mm<sup>3 </sup>in 2005.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Irrigation systems allow the farming of
653,000 hectares of Sonoran arid and semi-arid territory – of which 63% depend
on surface water flows and 27% on wells.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #990000;">___________________________________________________________________________________________________________<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #990000;">Source:
Análisis sobre el uso y manejo de los recursos hidráulicos en el estado
fronterizo de Sonora, </span></span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #990000;">Comisión Estatal del Agua</span><i><span style="color: #990000;">, 2005.</span><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;"><i><span style="color: #660000;"><br /></span></i></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV_7wFg-VDu1PQ8qwQXpkFU9a-0q4JaBAKOaUz9GSN4OxRr9UK3_Kzj40ihyphenhyphen2dOBCZ9ovZSMoAnkhrwtRZgk_9uAIMqzfv3g32T7NshqnrqRN0kpdqVb8za-qMnUDRU90ZxvwJz6-cSuET/s1600/DSCF4768.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV_7wFg-VDu1PQ8qwQXpkFU9a-0q4JaBAKOaUz9GSN4OxRr9UK3_Kzj40ihyphenhyphen2dOBCZ9ovZSMoAnkhrwtRZgk_9uAIMqzfv3g32T7NshqnrqRN0kpdqVb8za-qMnUDRU90ZxvwJz6-cSuET/s1600/DSCF4768.JPG" height="480" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Bavispe River below La Angostura / Tom Barry</i></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Natural and Unnatural Flows<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Water flows along the earth’s surface and down
arroyos, streams, and rivers into ponds, lakes, and seas. A small percentage of
the earth’s precipitation seeps into earth, accumulating over the millennia in
aquifers and large water basins.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In the Sonoran Desert and other arid lands, only
during extraordinary and extended rain events does the water that falls from
heavens penetrate the desert’s crust.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Low annual precipitation rates – 4 to 14 inches, depending on which area
– don’t fully explain why Sonora has so little water. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Because the desert is so hot and sun-drenched,
the high rates of potential evaporation and plant transpiration generally
exceed precipitation rates – which is essentially the definition a desert.<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria;">[1]</span></sup></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></span></a><sup>
</sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In other words, most of the water that
falls on the Sonoran Desert neither flows nor seeps. Instead, precipitation
returns to the skies in the form of vapor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Without water, there is no life. That’s a truism
that echoes throughout the arid lands of the Transborder West. In any
conversation about scarce water resources in the Chihuahuan or Sonoran Deserts,
there is some participant who invariably observes: “Aqua es vida” -- or some
English or Spanish variation of this experienced wisdom. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Before the current era of fuel and electric
pumps, most human settlements were found next to or near natural sources of
water. Yet, because of the fluid quality of water, human settlements and
civilizations have extended their geographic reach by channeling water from
distant rivers, lakes, and springs. Canals and aqueducts made life possible in
some of the world’s most arid zones by creating reliable supplies of water for
irrigation and domestic consumption. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Most ancient civilizations depended on water
engineering or hydraulics. Even when communities lived near rivers, in arid
regions, river flows were not dependable, necessitating the construction of
aqueducts that brought water to population centers from higher elevations. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Such was the case, for example, for the Paquimé
culture, which reached its height in the 15<sup>th</sup> century shortly before
the Spanish arrived. Situated near the headwaters of the Casas Grandes River in
what is now Chihuahua, the society could not have survived without a network of
gravity-fed channels and reservoirs transferring water from the eastern slopes
of the Sierra Madre Occidental into the center of the Paquimé society. These
channels and cisterns remain today as evidence of the ingenuity of the Paquimé
culture.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHIV13rgtktv2K22GRoPOOtyLVqafbc3PB-DmT5yb6Q0ydmwUzOwdAXkPEctD11O5ZYbTC8Nc2Y_akPwzOHIzOnnMYJjIwEvVtyuQ1lgQWQ35K8AgMBDslz_4dlxFA-O70klRvgSpfI_oG/s1600/DSCF3856.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHIV13rgtktv2K22GRoPOOtyLVqafbc3PB-DmT5yb6Q0ydmwUzOwdAXkPEctD11O5ZYbTC8Nc2Y_akPwzOHIzOnnMYJjIwEvVtyuQ1lgQWQ35K8AgMBDslz_4dlxFA-O70klRvgSpfI_oG/s1600/DSCF3856.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_8" o:spid="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:6in;
height:324pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file://localhost/Users/debrapreusch/Library/Caches/TemporaryItems/msoclip/0/clip_image005.jpg"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In Sonora, some indigenous communities (notably
Opata and Pima Bajo) had river-fed irrigation system.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Others (Yaquis and Mayos) relied solely on
floodplain farming before the Spanish Conquest. Begging in the first half the
17<sup>th</sup> century, the Jesuit missionaries set about improving and
extending indigenous irrigation practices, which, along with Jesuit-mandated
indigenous farm labor, greatly increased agricultural production. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">By the late 1800s the hydraulics of commercial
agriculture in Sonora no longer depended on gravity alone.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pump-fed irrigation canals opened up new
agricultural frontiers, transferring river water to desert scrublands. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Still, there are natural limits imposed on
modern hydraulic systems. Energy-driven hydraulic systems, like those that fed
the network of canals in the foreign-owned irrigation districts of the Yaqui
Valley during the last two decades of the 19<sup>th</sup> century and first
four decades of the 20<sup>th</sup> century, were still limited by the
variations in river flows. During the autumn and spring dry seasons, there
simply wasn’t enough water flowing in the Yaqui River to transfer into the newly
cleared irrigation-dependent fields.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Foreign agribusiness companies such as the
Richardson Construction Company in the Yaqui Valley started pressuring the
Mexican government in the late 1800s and early 1900s to dam the Yaqui River. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Only
by damming the river could the company realize its plans to extend irrigation
canals beyond the delta and throughout the entire semi-arid coastal plain. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Reacting to this pressure and animated by its
own modernization ambitions, the post-revolutionary Mexican government launched
an ambitious modernization program in the 1920s that included the planned
construction of an array of hydraulic infrastructure projects. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mexico closely followed the development model
already well underway in the U.S. West. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Under the auspices of the U.S. Bureau
of Reclamation (the bureaucratic manifestation of the U.S. Reclamation Act of
1902), the U.S. government open the largely arid Western states to agricultural
and urban development by constructing dams, reservoirs, and long-distance irrigation
canals, thereby enabling the transfer of river water across the desert. The
rapidly growing hydraulic society of the U.S. West also served as Mexico’s
model for the subsidized electrification of the desert cities and irrigation
districts of Sonora and elsewhere.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">During the administration of President Plutarco
Elías Calles (1924-28), the government promulgated the Ley de Irrigación con
Aguas Federales (Federal Water Law) that committed the federal government to
develop major irrigation projects based on federally constructed dams,
irrigation canals, and hydroelectric plants. In 1926 President Elías Calles
established the National Irrigation Commission to implement this agricultural
development and modernization plan.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">[2]</span></span></sup></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Post-revolutionary political turmoil delayed the
construction of the planned hydraulic infrastructure. Not until the presidency
of Lázaro Cárdenas (1934-1940) did Mexico have the stability and political
leadership necessary to embark on program of economic nationalism and
modernization. In 1936 President Cárdenas, closely following the early
proposals of the Richardson Construction Company, ordered the construction of
Sonora’s first dam. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Modeled after the Boulder (Hoover) Dam on the
Colorado River, the federal government with U.S. financing completed La
Angostura dam and reservoir in the upper Yaqui River basin in 1942. Baptized
the Lázaro Cárdenas dam, Sonora’s first water megaproject blocked the natural
flow of Bavispe River – the largest northern tributary of the Yaqui River – as
it entered the narrow canyon known as La Angostura. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Carrying within its banks more than two-thirds
of Sonora’s surface water, the Yaqui River Basin extends south from the river’s
headwaters in southeastern Arizona to the coastal plains in southwestern
Sonora. Blocking the natural flow of the river, the new dam and reservoir
controlled the release of river water, thereby enabling irrigation in the Yaqui
Valley even during the dry months.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="color: #741b47;">___________________________________________________________________________________________________________</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="color: #741b47;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #741b47; font-size: large;">Yaqui River Basin Facts</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria;">Carrying within its banks
more than two-thirds of Sonora’s surface water, the Yaqui River Basin extends
south from the river’s headwaters in southeastern Arizona to the coastal plains
in southwestern Sonora.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria;">By far the largest (encompassing 71,452
km<sup>2</sup> and healthiest in Sonora, with annual river flows from
tributaries and river averaging 2,852 Mm<sup>3 </sup>(measured mid-basin at the
Novillo / Álvaro Obregón dam). <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria;">Yaqui River basin accounts for 69% of
all the surface water in Conagua’s Noroeste region (covering virtually all of
Sonora and a bit of northwest Chihuahua).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria;">Yaqui RIver dams/reservoirs: Lázaro
Cárdenas (La Angostura); Álvaro Obregón (El Novillo); and Plutarco Elías Calles
(Oviáchic), finished, respectively, in 1942, 1952, and 1965.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria;">There is no public registry of water
users and water rights in the basin, pointing the failure of the federal and
state governments to formulate plans for the sustainable use of its waters. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria;">Principal water users of basin water in
order of usage: Yaqui Valley Irrigation District (41), Ciudad Obregón, Grupo de
México (La Caridad mine), Colonias Yaqui Irrigation District (018), and small
farmers and ranchers who live along the upper and middle basins. Another major <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria;">No official or unofficial assessment
exists of the quantity of groundwater in the lower Yaqui River basin, although
damming the river dried up the delta and virtually ended the recharge of the
valley’s aquifers by the river. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria;">Nor is there any comprehensive assessment of the quality of
groundwater in the Yaqui Valley, although tests of water wells do reveal severe
contamination (mostly by agrochemicals). <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="color: #741b47;">____________________________________________________________________________________________________________</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The federal government assumed control of the Richardson
Construction Company (CCR) and its network of irrigation canals, while also
redistributing private and public lands into collectively owned <i>ejidos</i>
throughout the Yaqui Valley and giving the Yaqui people ownership of some
425,000 acres in the Yaqui Valley and in the Mátape Valley to the north. </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Richardson Brothers and other agribusiness investors in
the Yaqui Valley had long recognized that only by damming the flow of the Yaqui
River could their farming enterprises count on regular flows of water. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">La Angostura, which was completed in 1942, was the first of
three major dams on the Yaqui River. Soon after its completion, the farmers of
the Yaqui Valley Irrigation District were clamoring for a larger dam that would
be built at the start of the lower Yaqui River basin. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">To further control flooding during major rain events and to
ensure an even more dependable supply of irrigation water for the Yaqui Valley,
two other larger dams were later constructed: El Novillo and El Oviáchic, the
former 145 kilometers to west of Hermosillo and the latter 35 kilometers
northeast of Cd. Obregón. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">With El Novillo and Oviáchic dams in place by 1962, it
became readily apparent that La Angostura, the first and the smallest of these
water megaprojects, had become redundant – although the copper mine in Nacozari
had become dependent on water from the reservoir. Although three dams were
built with hydroelectric plants, only the generating plant at the El Novillo
dam still regularly generates electricity. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: #741b47;">Sonora’s Largest Reservoirs<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #741b47;">Conversion: 1 hm<sup>3</sup> =
1000000 m<sup>3</sup><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableLightShading" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 6.0pt; margin-right: 6.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: 1.45in; mso-table-lspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-rspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-top: -19.15pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.15in;" valign="top" width="443">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.25pt;" valign="top" width="86">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 104.45pt; mso-element-top: -19.15pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="color: #741b47;">Name<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.25pt;" valign="top" width="86">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 104.45pt; mso-element-top: -19.15pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="color: #741b47;">Known As<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.25pt;" valign="top" width="86">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 104.45pt; mso-element-top: -19.15pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="color: #741b47;">Capacity<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.25pt;" valign="top" width="86">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 104.45pt; mso-element-top: -19.15pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="color: #741b47;">Year <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.25pt;" valign="top" width="86">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 104.45pt; mso-element-top: -19.15pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="color: #741b47;">River<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.25pt;" valign="top" width="86">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 104.45pt; mso-element-top: -19.15pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="color: #741b47;">Lázaro Cárdenas<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.25pt;" valign="top" width="86">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 104.45pt; mso-element-top: -19.15pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="color: #741b47;">La Angostura<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.25pt;" valign="top" width="86">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 104.45pt; mso-element-top: -19.15pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="color: #741b47;">864 h<sup>3<o:p></o:p></sup></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.25pt;" valign="top" width="86">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 104.45pt; mso-element-top: -19.15pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="color: #741b47;">1942<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.25pt;" valign="top" width="86">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 104.45pt; mso-element-top: -19.15pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="color: #741b47;">Yaqui<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.25pt;" valign="top" width="86">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 104.45pt; mso-element-top: -19.15pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="color: #741b47;">Plutarco Elías Calles<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.25pt;" valign="top" width="86">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 104.45pt; mso-element-top: -19.15pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="color: #741b47;">El Novillo<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.25pt;" valign="top" width="86">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 104.45pt; mso-element-top: -19.15pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="color: #741b47;">2,963 h<sup>3<o:p></o:p></sup></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.25pt;" valign="top" width="86">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 104.45pt; mso-element-top: -19.15pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="color: #741b47;">1963<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.25pt;" valign="top" width="86">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 104.45pt; mso-element-top: -19.15pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="color: #741b47;">Yaqui<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.25pt;" valign="top" width="86">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 104.45pt; mso-element-top: -19.15pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="color: #741b47;">Álvaro Obregón<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.25pt;" valign="top" width="86">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 104.45pt; mso-element-top: -19.15pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="color: #741b47;">El Oviáchic<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.25pt;" valign="top" width="86">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 104.45pt; mso-element-top: -19.15pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="color: #741b47;">2983 h<sup>3<o:p></o:p></sup></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.25pt;" valign="top" width="86">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 104.45pt; mso-element-top: -19.15pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="color: #741b47;">1952<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.25pt;" valign="top" width="86">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 104.45pt; mso-element-top: -19.15pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="color: #741b47;">Yaqui<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.25pt;" valign="top" width="86">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 104.45pt; mso-element-top: -19.15pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="color: #741b47;">Adolfo Ruíz Cortinez<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="color: #741b47;">Mocúzari<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 104.45pt; mso-element-top: -19.15pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="color: #741b47;">1,114 h<sup>3<o:p></o:p></sup></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 104.45pt; mso-element-top: -19.15pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="color: #741b47;">1955<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 104.45pt; mso-element-top: -19.15pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="color: #741b47;">Mayo<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 104.45pt; mso-element-top: -19.15pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="color: #741b47;">Abelardo Rodríguez<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 104.45pt; mso-element-top: -19.15pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="color: #741b47;">220 h<sup>3<o:p></o:p></sup></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 104.45pt; mso-element-top: -19.15pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="color: #741b47;">1949<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 104.45pt; mso-element-top: -19.15pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="color: #741b47;">Sonora<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="color: #741b47;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #741b47;">Source: Conagua, “Principales Presas,” 2012, at:
http://www.conagua.gob.mx/atlas/usosdelagua33.html<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Cynthia Hewitt de Alcántara, one of the most
respected analysts of Mexico’s agricultural sector, described in her history of
Mexican agriculture how Sonora, largely owing the creation of hydraulic society
starting in the 1940s, became known as the “Mesopotamia of Mexico” and the
“Agricultural Cornucopia of Mexico.”<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title="">[3]</a></span></span></sup></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn3" name="_ednref3" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span></span></sup></span><sup>
</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria;"><br /></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Since
the early 1940s Sonora’s demographic and agricultural boom has been largely the
product of hydraulic manipulation. Despite its aridness, Sonora is Mexico’s
second largest agricultural producer -- virtually all the result of irrigation.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">By the 1960s, one-fourth of federal spending for
irrigation infrastructure had gone to Sonora. As a result, irrigated land in
Sonora nearly doubled in two decades<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ednref4">.</a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">[4]</span></span></sup></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></span></a><sup>
</sup>Eleven percent Sonora’s land is irrigated, making it the state with
highest percent of its agricultural land served by irrigation systems.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn5" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title="">[5]</a></span></span></sup></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn5" name="_ednref5" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span></span></sup></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria;"><br /></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">No
other state in Mexico has been so dramatically transformed by the federal
government’s network of dams, aqueducts, and irrigation canals. Agriculture
accounts for 92.3% of water consumption in Sonora,<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn6" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria;">[</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria;">6]</span></sup></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></span></a><sup>
</sup></span>and no other Mexican state is intensively irrigated as Sonora. Virtually
all this agriculture occurs in the arid western plains and along the coast,
where average annual rainfall is 4-15 inches, depending on the part of the state
– with the most precipitation in the Sierra Madre Occidental and the least in
the Altar Desert in northwest Sonora.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEL72z5D9YAkuSeS91O1CLSSjI39LQ4reBcuqOuHi00snvsIm7w2rYAL4KE5AuCzfnOAwdJAHqtLJ5u8eqBSvLIxamBXo5bjt2-ovl24yw1CLOPHGH1ggjRs-GVwhj08Tfgl8GC7vI7oAm/s1600/novillo++pamoramoc+com.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEL72z5D9YAkuSeS91O1CLSSjI39LQ4reBcuqOuHi00snvsIm7w2rYAL4KE5AuCzfnOAwdJAHqtLJ5u8eqBSvLIxamBXo5bjt2-ovl24yw1CLOPHGH1ggjRs-GVwhj08Tfgl8GC7vI7oAm/s1600/novillo++pamoramoc+com.jpeg" height="299" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><i>Novillo Dam/ panaramico. com</i></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Solving Water Shortages with More
Hydraulic Megaprojects<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Throughout Mexico, government entities – at the
local, state, and federal levels – have again been calling for new water
megaprojects to address the country’s acute water shortages. Sonora – the state
that disproportionately benefited from Mexico’s hydraulic infrastructure
projects – is leading the way to a new hydraulic future with its Sonora SI
(Sistema Integral) program.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Elected in July 2009, Governor Padrés can
rightly claim to be leading Sonora’s hydraulic renovation. Shortly after he
received the governor’s sash and moved into the Palacio del Gobierno, Padrés
declared that he would create “Un Nuevo Sonora” during his six-year term (<i>sexenio</i>).
With its plan for 22 hydraulic megaprojects, Sonora SI is the designated
flagship program of the governor’s “Nuevo Sonora.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As the
Sonoran government -- with more than two-thirds financing from the federal
government -- continues with its water megaproject program, there is little
reflection of the failures and consequences of Sonora’s “hydraulic society.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Instead
most of those involved in the water wars in Sonora -- with the exception of
small circles of environmentalists and academics -- look to inter-state and
intra-state aqueducts, along with proposed desalinization plants to solve the
intensifying water crisis.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Both
sides of the Yaqui water war, for example, support an unimplemented federal
plan for an aqueduct that would bring water from the Nayarit and southern
Sinaloa (two water-rich states along the Pacific coast) to Sonora.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Northwest Hydraulic Plan (PHLINO) would
be a mega-megaproject that would transfer water to the Sonoran Desert and the
semi-arid region of northern Sinaloa – areas that receive 5-20% of the
precipitation that falls in the tropical state of Nayarit. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn7" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">[7]</span></span></sup></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In
pointing to the PHLINO inter-state aqueduct as the ultimate solution to
Sonora’s water crisis, proponents ignore concerns by environmentalists that
such a massive inter-regional transfer of water would further diminish the
state’s already decimated rainforests. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Similarly,
despite the indigenous rights component of the Yaqui water war, calls for the
PHLINO have not considered the opinions of the Wixárika (Huichol) and other
indigenous communities native to Sinaloa, whose land is under siege by
water-hungry mining companies.<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn8" name="_ednref8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria;">[8]</span></sup></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></span></a><sup>
</sup></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU097lsmd31HimGoM8h_4A8oRGGdOvuLy1t8srNEX92qkYOZVSmQMuMZAB0OnFrWNkldFUA4A33Ukn9CPnm7OoD6Xz5u0NPC0rV-EdweLPWXM9fcvS9uXNfuLXgFhMW24fbVvOZXdLIjzo/s1600/P1100216.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU097lsmd31HimGoM8h_4A8oRGGdOvuLy1t8srNEX92qkYOZVSmQMuMZAB0OnFrWNkldFUA4A33Ukn9CPnm7OoD6Xz5u0NPC0rV-EdweLPWXM9fcvS9uXNfuLXgFhMW24fbVvOZXdLIjzo/s1600/P1100216.JPG" height="300" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Yaqui governors voice their opposition to Independencia aqueduct / Tom Barry</i></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
anti-Independencia coalition, then, is not opposed to water megaprojects. They
just don’t want the megaprojects built for the Yaqui Valley to be tapped by
other interests. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
valley’s agricultural sector, its agro-industries (including the highly
polluting chicken and pork sectors), and the wealth of Ciudad Obregón are the
products of Sonora’s first water megaprojects, including<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the network of irrigation canals dating from
the early 1900s, the three Yaqui River dams and reservoirs, and the large
irrigation canal – named in honor of Lázaro Cárdenas -- that channels water
from the Oviáchic reservoir directly to the Yaqui Valley. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Because
of these megaprojects, Sonora’s largest river no longer flows to the sea. The
river delta is a remnant of the pre-dam era, when the Yaqui River would flood
part of the valley. The valley’s groundwater basin is also a remnant of a time
when the river ran free. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As is,
the Yaquis receive very little of the water stored in any of the three
reservoirs on the Yaqui River. Virtually all the water that flows to the valley
through canals goes to agribusiness and to white or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mestizo</i> farmers who either own large extensions of valley land or
rent Yaqui land<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Before
the government dammed the Yaqui River, the once mighty river reached the
coastal plain where the Yaquis live. Water seeped through the alluvium left in
the floodplains. Over the millennia, the delta created aquifers of fossil
water, recharged year after year as the river flowed to the sea.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Agribusinesses,
agro-industries, and the city of Obregón tap this groundwater, supplementing the
water supplies channeled from the Oviáchic reservoir. Persuaded by government
promises that Yaqui communities would receive potable water, the Yaquis agreed
in 1991 to allow the state government and Conagua to construct an aqueduct to transfer
this fossil water to the desert cities to the north. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A
battery of pumps feeds this Yaqui-Guaymas aqueduct that delivers water to
purification plants serving Guaymas, Empalme, and San Carlos. But the
government only partially complied with its promises to supply the Yaquis with
drinking water. In large part, this deception explains Yaqui opposition to yet
another <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Shutting
down the Novillo-Hermosillo aqueduct wouldn’t mean that the Yaqui River start
flowing through the Yaqui Valley. Nor would it necessarily mean that Yaquis
would reclaim their heritage as farmers. Turning off the flow of water to
Hermosillo wouldn’t help recharge the shrinking and now badly contaminated
aquifers of the Yaqui delta region. A victory by the No al Novillo coalition
wouldn’t result in better access to drinking water for the Yaquis. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
transfer of water from the Yaqui River basin to Hermosillo will, however, make
it still more difficult for the Yaquis to pursue their historic claims to water
from the Yaqui River.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With as much as 75
Mm<sup>3 </sup>of Yaqui River water flowing annually to Hermosillo, the Yaquis
face yet another obstacle in pursuing demands that the federal government honor
the tribe’s water rights. The now vested interests of Hermosillo in having
access to the Yaqui River will likely prove much stronger than the historic
water rights of the Yaquis. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Hydraulic
megaprojects have reshaped and redefined Sonora. Without hydraulics, there
would be no New Sonora.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
Yaqui Valley wouldn’t be Mexico’s breadbox, the population of Hermosillo would
not have tripled over the past three decades, Ford wouldn’t have opened a major
manufacturing plant in Hermosillo, San Carlos would not now be a booming
vacation spot, and the Nacozari copper mining operations would not have the
water it needed to expand on such a massive scale. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Yet,
from the beginning, modern hydraulic projects have had heavy costs and consequences.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The dams and reservoirs on the Yaqui, Mayo,
and Sonora Rivers have each displaced hundreds of families. Most were subsistence
farmers with indigenous roots – few of whom were adequately compensated for
their losses. Reservoir water now covers many villages of the Old Sonora.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn9" name="_ednref9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">[9]</span></span></sup></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span></sup></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Even
farmers who are able to remain in dammed river basins are adversely. As
reservoirs capture river water, not only do farmers suffer from reduced river
flows in many areas but they also see groundwater levels drop, forcing them
either to drill deeper or abandon their farms. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Among the dozens of Yaqui River
communities most affected by reduced access to surface and groundwater,
Granados and Huásabas stand out both because of the extent of their water
losses and because the State Water Commission and Conagua claimed in 2011 that
these farmers had sold their water rights, thereby increasing the amount of
unallocated river water and permitting the transfer of this water to Hermosillo
through the Independencia aqueduct.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
environmental costs of Sonora’s hydraulics society have never been calculated,
just as the environmental impacts of Sonora SI’s new projects – dams,
aqueducts, reservoirs, and a proposed desalinization plant – have been glossed
over in declarations about role of these projects in purportedly solving the
Sonora’s deepening water crisis.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_edn10" name="_ednref10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">[10]</span></span></sup></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;">
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></sup></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“The Sonora
Desert: Background Information,” Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, 2007.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></sup></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sterling Evans, “Damming
Sonora: An Environmental and Transnational History of Water, Agriculture, and
Society in Northwest Mexico,” Produced for Workshop in the History of
Agriculture and Environment, University of Georgia, March 25, 2011; Robert C.
West, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sonora Its Geographic Personality</i>
(Austin: University of Texas, 1993).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[3]</span></sup></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></span></a><sup>
</sup><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Cynthia Hewitt de Alcántara, <i>La modernización de la
agricultura mexicana</i>, 1940-1970 (Mexico City: Siglo XXI, 1978)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref4" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Cynthia Hewitt de
Alcántara, <i>La modernización de la agricultura mexicana</i>, 1940-1970
(Mexico City: Siglo XXI, 1978), p. 131; Cited in Evans, <i>Damming Sonora</i>,
p.6.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref5" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Refugio I. Rochin,
“Mexico’s Agriculture Crisis: A Study of its Northern States,” <i>Mexican
Studies</i> 1, 1985, p. 257; Gary Paul Nabhan and Andrew R. Goldsmith, “State
of the Sonoran Desert Biome: Uniqueness, Biodiversity, Threats, and the
Adequacy of Protection in the Sonoran Bioregion, ” p. 34, cited by Evans, p. 6.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref6" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></sup></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Análisis
sobre el uso y manejo de los recursos hidráulicos en el estado fronterizo de
Sonora, </i>Comisión Estatal de Agua (CEA), Octubre 2005.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn7" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref7" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></sup></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></span></a><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></sup><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">El Plan Hidrauico del Noroeste, </span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua and
Semarnat, at:
https://www.imta.gob.mx/historico/instituto/historial-proyectoswrp/rd/2009/fi-rd0821-3.pdf</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn8" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div style="background: white; border-bottom: dotted #CCCCCC 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: dotted #CCCCCC .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 3.0pt 0in;">
<h1 style="background: white; border: none; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-border-bottom-alt: dotted #CCCCCC .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 3.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref8" name="_edn8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></sup></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“</span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0in;">The Huichol (Wixárika) People’s fight against
multinational mining companies,” Geo-Mexico, Nov. 14, 2014, at:
http://geo-mexico.com/?p=12177</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
</div>
</div>
<div id="edn9" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref9" name="_edn9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></sup></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></span></a><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></sup><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In "Damming Sonora,” Evans recounts the
tragic case of the community of Casa de Teras community that was forcibly
relocated to the Yaqui Valley to make way for La Angostura reservoir. This
process of dislocation starting with La Angostura in the late 1930 was repeated
in the construction of the other major dams in the state into the early 1960s.
Even small dams like El Molinito (completed in 1991) on the Sonora River
displaced stable communities of small farmers and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ejidatarios</i>. See, for example: Rolando E. Díaz Caravantes and
Ernesto Camou Healy, “El agua e Sonora: tan cerca y tan lejos. Estudio de caso
del ejido Molino de Camou,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Región y
Sociedad</i>, No. 34, 2005.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn10" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<h2 style="background: white;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ednref10" name="_edn10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS ゴシック"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></sup></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></span></a><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sustainability in the Yaqui Valley, A project of </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Center for Environmental Science and Policy,
Stanford Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, a</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">t: </span><a href="http://yaquivalley.stanford.edu/"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">http://yaquivalley.stanford.edu/</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">; Margaret Reeves, “Yaqui Fields of Poison,” PAN
North America, Summer 2006.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
</div>
</div>
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<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS 2.0" href="http://RSS_Feed_URL" /></div>Tom Barryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04737814362191331533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542500758583335073.post-8347605722455557852014-11-17T12:45:00.001-07:002014-11-17T12:45:29.245-07:00The Rise of Sonora’s Hydraulic Society<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 20.0pt;">Making the
Desert Bloom: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 20.0pt;">The Rise of </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sonora’s Hydraulic Society </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 20.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tom Barry <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75"
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: x-small;"><i>Outside SONORA SI's office building in Hermosillo (top), Agribusiness continues to expand across the Sonoran Desert north of Hermosillo, producing table grapes for U.S. market (middle), Turning the desert green by unsustainable pumping of groundwater north of Hermosillo (bottom). Photos by Tom Barry</i></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria;">Water in its natural state is fluid. Civilizations that emerged in arid regions,
such as those in Mesopotamia (Sumerian, Assyrian) and in Arizona (Hohokam)
depended on the managed flow of water for their sustenance, channeling river
water into canals and ditches to irrigate their crops. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria;">These were among the first pre-modern hydraulic society – cultures
that depended on the ingenious transfer of water through canals and ditches to
irrigate lands that otherwise could not be cultivated. But gravity and the
physical bounds of siphoning limited the growth of these civilizations. In
times of prolonged drought, no amount of ingenious engineering and social
organization could transcend the limits of proximate water resources. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria;">Modern times – with the advent of fuel- and electricity-driven
pumps – have birthed hydraulic societies that have transcended the limits of
the area’s water resources. Even when drought strikes or a society depletes its
river basins or groundwater reserves, hydraulics can still come to the rescue –
by transferring water from other healthier water basins and by drilling to new
depths and in distant aquifers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria;">In other
words, modern technology and energy systems can still make water flow, albeit
at higher financial and environmental costs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria;">The question facing Sonora and most other states on both sides of
the international border across the TransBorder West is whether governments and
inhabitants are willing to accept the expense and impact of sustaining their
hydraulic societies. Whether the benefits of new water megaprojects outweigh
the costs? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria;">With rare exceptions, comprehensive cost/benefit evaluations don’t
precede governmental decisions to launch new hydraulic projects. In a nod to
governmental regulations concerning consultation, financial accountability, and
environmental impact, superficial, self-serving studies are ordered, completed,
and accepted – and the government agencies generally move ahead as planned. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria;">The Independencia (Novillo-Hermosillo) aqueduct is a prime example
of this absence of consultation with affected communities and of a lack of
credible cost-benefit and environmental impact studies. But this lack of
careful assessments of environmental impacts, costs, and social consequences,
is the norm, not the exception, especially in Mexico. However, the same could
be said for most of the water megaprojects in the U.S. West.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria;">As aridlands societies confront all manner of water crises, the
operative imperative is ensure that water gets to those who have the most
economic and political power.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With the
onset of climate change and the deepening realization of the limits of water
resources, the long-dominant power and economic equations no longer hold. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria;">New
questions about prioritization of water needs are altering prevailing power
dynamics, as is so evident in the debate over the Novillo-Hermosillo aqueduct.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: x-small;">Upper Yaqui River Basin east of Moctezuma / Photo by Tom Barry</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Hydraulic Societies, Then and Now<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black;">Sonora
is a classically “hydraulic society.” The term <i>hydraulic society</i> was
coined by a German scholar who found that some of the earliest civilizations
were based economically, politically, and theologically on water management.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073&pli=1#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="color: black;">[1]</span></sup></span><!--[endif]--></sup></span></a><sup>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black;">In
ancient hydraulic societies -- such as the civilizations in China and those
that developed between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the aridlands of
Mesopotamia – the central authorities were the water masters. Their power
stemmed fundamentally from their role in managing sophisticated irrigation
systems and water-supply systems. If their subjects became thirsty, their
authority and power would falter.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black;">Closer to home and more immediate is California, which U.S.
scholar Donald Worster and others categorize as a hydraulic society</span><span style="color: black;">.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073&pli=1#_edn2" name="_ednref2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="color: black;">[2]</span></sup></span><!--[endif]--></span></sup></span></a>
</span><span style="color: black;">In his paper “Damming of Sonora,” University of Oklahoma scholar Sterling Evans
noted that Worster had correctly described the U.S. West as a “region
characterized by ‘a social order founded on the intensive management of water,’
‘communal reorganization,’ “new patterns of human interaction,’ and ‘new forms
of discipline and authority.’”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073&pli=1#_edn3" name="_ednref3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="color: black;">[3]</span></sup></span><!--[endif]--></sup></span></a></span><sup> </sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black;">Any discussion of hydraulic societies in the Transborder West benefits
from the seminal investigation and analysis of Marc Reisner in <i>Cadillac
Desert: The American West and its Disappearing Water</i>. In his 1986 book,
Reisner wrote: “Millions settled in regions where nature, left alone, would
have countenanced thousands at best; great valleys and hemispherical basins
metamorphosed from desert blond to semitropic green.”</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black;">You see the same miracle of hydraulic transformation in Sonora.
Traveling south from the border at Nogales through the Sonoran Desert and then
passing through the Yaqui and Mayo river deltas of Sonora – a nearly 7-hour
trip – the fruits of Sonora’s hydraulic society are on display.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">If one were to drive the nearly 400 miles from the border at
Nogales to Sonora’s border with Sinaloa, you would cross three riverbeds (the
Sonora, Yaqui and Mayo Rivers). But except immediately after heavy rains, the
riverbeds are missing the rivers that formerly flowed across the coastal plains
to the Gulf of California.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black;">Temperatures rise to 120 degrees or higher in the summer. Cactus,
mesquite, creosote, and thorn trees define the natural landscape -- except for
the vineyards and farmlands that bloom for miles around Hermosillo, Ciudad Obregón,
and Navojoa.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">How is it possible that Sonora has long been one of the top three
agricultural states in Mexico? Even most <i>Sonorenses</i>
don’t fully understand where all the water for the state’s cities, industries,
and agribusiness comes from. That’s because most of the state’s hydraulic
megaprojects lie in the isolated valleys of sparsely populated eastern Sonora,
a region known as La Serrana (mountainous area).</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: x-small;"><i>Independencia aqueduct bringing Yaqui River water to Hermosillo / Photo by Tom Barry</i></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">In the New Sonora that has bloomed in the Sonoran Desert over the
past 75 years, the state’s four major dams and reservoirs lie out of sight and
out of mind. The state’s largest dams lie behind mountains to the east of Sonora’s
main demographic and farming belt along Highway 15 -- three on the Yaqui River
and one on the Mayo River. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The state’s fifth largest dam – although much smaller than the
other four – is found in New Sonora. The Abelardo Rodríguez dam and reservoir
stands on the eastern edge of Hermosillo. Finished in 1949, it went completely
dry by the mid-1990s and now stands as a monument to the limits of hydraulic
manipulation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dams don’t work well in
over-allocated river basins with dramatically dropping levels of groundwater
reserves. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">If one were to single out one factor that led to the plans to
transfer water from the Yaqui River to Hermosillo, it would surely be the
Abelardo Rodríguez dam. For the first two decades, Conagua pumped the reservoir
water to meet the needs of Hermosillo agribusiness.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, as the booming city grew desperate
for water, the reservoir’s water was shifted in the 1980s to meet urban needs. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Then, when the reservoir went dry in 1996, the city and state’s
political and economic elite began seriously considering languishing plans to
tap the Yaqui River – plans that Governor Padrés implemented in 2010 through
the newly created Sonora SI (Integrated System) agency for new state-sponsored
water projects.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Hermosillo dam is only one of many cases underscoring how the
hydraulics and water megaprojects of modern Sonora have been breaking down or
proving insufficient to meet the pressing needs for water by the state’s desert
cities, the mining sector, manufacturing industries, and still-expanding
agribusiness. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">In more than one case, dams stand before empty reservoirs,
hydroelectric plants stand abandoned, and government-subsidized irrigation
projects have left vast expanses of coastal Sonora encrusted with salt.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073&pli=1#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></sup></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Karl Wittfogel, <i>Oriental
Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power</i> (New Haven: Yale
University Press, 1957, as cited in Sterling Evans, “Damming Sonora: An
Environmental and Transnational History of Water, Agriculture, and Society in
Northwestern Mexico,” Discussion paper, March 25, 2011, at:
http://whae.uga.edu/evans.pdf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073&pli=1#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: Times;">[2]</span></sup></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></span></a><sup>
</sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Donald Worster,
“Hydraulic Society in California,” in <i>Under Western Skies: Nature and
History in the American West</i> (New York: Oxford University Press,
1992).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073&pli=1#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: Times;">[3]</span></sup></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></span></a> </span><span style="color: #111111; font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Sterling Evans,
“Damming Sonora: An Environmental and Transnational History of Water,
Agriculture, and Society in Northwestern Mexico,” Discussion paper, March 25,
2011, at: http://whae.uga.edu/evans.pdf</span><span style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS 2.0" href="http://RSS_Feed_URL" /></div>Tom Barryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04737814362191331533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542500758583335073.post-28198800854542085592014-11-07T10:15:00.000-07:002014-11-16T14:21:45.236-07:00Searching for a Disappeared River: Yaquis and the Yaqui River <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Sonora
Chronicles<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="font-size: large;">The River Runs
Through It: <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="font-size: large;">The Origins
and Disappearance of the Yaqui River</span><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><i>Yaqui River as it passes Vícam; Jesuit mission church and Conagua water tower in Vícam</i></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><i> / Photos by Tom Barry</i></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Rivers like deserts don’t respect
international boundaries. The Sonoran Desert, the hottest and most biologically
diverse of the four North American deserts, spreads down into Sonora from
Arizona. Similarly, the headwaters of the Yaqui River are found in the “Sky
Islands” (outcrops of the Continental Divide) of southeastern Arizona. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Fed by tributaries created by the
runoff and snowmelt of the Sierra Madre Occidental, the Yaqui River becomes
Sonora’s largest river as it descends south through narrow canyons before
heading west toward the sea. As it flows west into the Gulf of California, the Río
Yaqui passes from semi-arid conditions and higher elevations of eastern Sonora into
the southern reaches of the Sonoran Desert. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Not far from Ciudad Obregón in southern
Sonora, the river channel turns abruptly west, cutting through the coastal
plain. The vast river delta – known as the Valle de Yaqui – is the homeland of
the Yaquis. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Despite the size and importance of
the Yaqui River, finding the river is a challenge -- even with a map in hand. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 18.0pt;">To find the Yaqui River, you need to
ask directions. It’s not that the Río Yaqui is an ephemeral stream that only flows
through a dry arroyo after the monsoon rains of the summer. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Rather, the difficulty in finding
the Yaqui River is this: It has disappeared into Sonora’s hydraulic society.
The waters of the Yaqui still flow and give life to the Yaqui Valley with its
more than 620, 000 hectares of irrigated farmland.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 18.0pt;">But only occasionally does any Yaqui
River water flow through its age-old river channel. Since the early 1940 the
Yaqui River has been captured, tamed, and redirected.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 18.0pt;">River Gave
Life to Yaquis and Missions<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 18.0pt;">When Jesuits began establishing
their missions in the Yaqui Valley in the early 1614-20, they found about
30,000 Yaquis living in hundreds of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rancherías</i>
(hamlets) scattered throughout the valley. However, most Yaquis – who had then
had multiple identities as farmers, hunter/gatherers, and fisher people – made
their homes by the floodplain of the Yaqui River. The monsoon floods and late
winter floods provided, during the best of years, sufficient water for two
annual crops. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Along the river the Jesuits
established eight missions, gathering together the Yaquis from the dispersed <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rancherías </i>into what became Yaqui
villages. To this day, the Yaqui people refer to these “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ocho pueblos</i>” are the centers of their culture and governance. But
like the river itself, most of these towns are now ghosts of a former era. Only
three of the original eight mission settlements – Pótam, Vícam, and Torim –
have retained their integrity as Yaqui pueblos. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 20.4pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 18.0pt;">The Jesuit mission churches still
stand at the center of the other five mission towns – Cócorit, Bácum, Huilbiris,
Rahum, and Pitaya or Belém. But some like Cócorit have become largely mestizo
towns, while others have suffered from varying degrees of depopulation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 18.0pt;">The river-based subsistence
economies of these towns have dried up and died, just like the river. Although
the mission church still marks Belém as one of the eight Jesuit missions, the
lack of water has turned the old mission into a ghost town.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Traveling through Yaqui territory
from Guaymas south to Ciudad Obregón, you won’t pass through any of these eight
Yaqui towns. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Vícam and
the Lost River<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 18.0pt;">The major modern desert cities of
western Sonora – Hermosillo, Ciudad Obregón, and Guaymas – developed along the
highway and railroad. But the Jesuits established their missions during an era before
highways or railroads. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 20.4pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Even the wagon road that headed
north from Sinaloa didn’t pass through the part of the Yaqui Valley with the
most <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rancherías</i>. Rather than
establishing their new missions along the wagon road, the Jesuits built their
missions on the naturally formed river levees where the Yaquis lived. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 20.4pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Estación Vícam straddles the
four-lane federal highway that connects the U.S. Southwest with all parts south
in Mexico. It is here where the Yaquis have held their community meetings about
the Novillo-Hermosillo aqueduct, and where they have mounted intermittent
blockades of highway traffic to express their opposition to the aqueduct that
is transferring water from the Yaqui River to solve the water crisis in
Hermosillo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 20.4pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Intersecting Highway #15 is a b two-lane road that leads west to Vícam, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cabecera</i> or traditional seat of governance and religion authority
of the Yaquis. Heading west you leave the uncultivated desert shrub lands and immediately
drive into the famous Yaqui Valley – the place where the Green Revolution in
hybrid crops got its start in the 1940s and 1950s. Since the late 1890s, the
Yaqui Valley has been Sonora’s leading agribusiness region – farmed and
controlled not by Yaquis but by foreign investors, the local ladino agricultural
elite, and a powerful community of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rentistas</i>
(those who profit by renting land) associated with the two irrigation
districts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 20.4pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Crop dusters circle and dive down, skimming
the richly watered fields of wheat, alfalfa, and agro-export crops as they
spray their load of pesticides. Irrigation canals crisscross the valley,
carrying water from the Oviáchic or Álvaro Obregón dam/reservoir, which captures
the flow of the Yaqui River 40 kilometers north of Ciudad Obregón. The main
irrigation canal – named after President Lázaro Cárdenas – is the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">acequia madre </i>of the valley, skirting
the east side of the Yaqui towns of Vícam and Pótam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 20.4pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 18.0pt;">My map showed that the Yaqui River also
passes immediately to the east of Vícam. But, seeing the bell towers of the old
Jesuit mission and the dilapidated Conagua (National Water Commission) water tower
as I entered the village, I knew that somehow I had missed the Yaqui River. The
town has no sign with its name and population, and the river is missing both a
name sign and water. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 20.4pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Turning off the road toward the
expansive plaza in front of the mission, I hailed a young man – the only person
in sight – and asked if this was indeed was Vícam and, if so, where could I
find the river. Eyes glazed and dulled by drugs, he held his hand out, asking
for 50 pesos. He couldn’t remember where the river was.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT-fWm61rB3MHOiEzbN-1p4VHkXfMuGAeCbiIThthXKcGNaTi38g9uUnEVzxSFdadT4pGutUQJAaHzzcxEkYFqqQd2oeM2DxwhgzyrNvOdzq3LW5bY9JtrINqTpFLHpCQ8bQuQFL6POGYV/s1600/P1110445.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT-fWm61rB3MHOiEzbN-1p4VHkXfMuGAeCbiIThthXKcGNaTi38g9uUnEVzxSFdadT4pGutUQJAaHzzcxEkYFqqQd2oeM2DxwhgzyrNvOdzq3LW5bY9JtrINqTpFLHpCQ8bQuQFL6POGYV/s1600/P1110445.JPG" height="300" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 20.4pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><i>Yaqui woman cleaning up Vícam to prevent spread of dengue fever / Tom Barry</i></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 20.4pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 18.0pt;">A deeply wrinkled middle-aged woman
was raking up the leaves, branches, and other debris around large acacia tree
in front of the deserted <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">comisariado </i>(local
police station).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Getting out of the car,
I explained that I came to the land of the Yaquis as part of a research and
book project about the water crisis in the U.S. and Mexican borderland states.
I also handed her my business card, identifying me as an analyst with the
Center for International Policy in Washington, DC. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 20.4pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Even before asking her how I could
find the Yaqui River, I asked why she was raking and sweeping the dusty ground.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 20.4pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 18.0pt;">“They told me to clean up here to
keep dengue from spreading,” Silvia Jacarít Cupíz explained, referring to the
male <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">caciques</i> of Vícam. Dengue – a
tropical disease similar to malaria – was spreading through southern and
central Sonora in October 2014 -- apparently a consequence of recent heavy
rains. “We’re hungry in this village, but they don’t pay us for this work,” she
lamented.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1LeyVuxiPIJJ2lnZ9S_fmmz-XDGs9cdbhuNjtme1Gs8XD11mAW1yq01-_84a_2N9GwzImAgiiRdEhatBpNPNt13cdUJlTryesFEUGoWRclpGYjH0go8Sa7uEVD_U7ju6ROme3E7NoBSY9/s1600/P1110450.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1LeyVuxiPIJJ2lnZ9S_fmmz-XDGs9cdbhuNjtme1Gs8XD11mAW1yq01-_84a_2N9GwzImAgiiRdEhatBpNPNt13cdUJlTryesFEUGoWRclpGYjH0go8Sa7uEVD_U7ju6ROme3E7NoBSY9/s1600/P1110450.JPG" height="377" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 20.4pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><i>Access to drinking water is a major problem for the Yaquis, while water from the Yaqui River is going to Hermosillo and groundwater from Yaqui Valley goes to Guaymas in another aqueduct./ Photo by Tom Barry</i></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 20.4pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 18.0pt;">As she continued raking and shoveling the dirt and
gathering up the mostly organic debris into piles, she told me that I had
indeed missed the river on the way into town. “But it hasn’t flowed in very
long time, maybe four decades or more,” she explained. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 20.4pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 18.0pt;">“Water is the problem here, and food
too. Our life in Vícam changed when the river stopped running,” she offered.
While water still passes by the town in irrigation ditches, it goes to farms
that Yaquis don’t control -- the same account I heard in other Yaqui villages.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 20.4pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 18.0pt;">“Yes, we have now water pipes
connected to our homes. But the water stinks (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">apestosa</i>) so we can’t drink it,” continued Jacarít. As evidence of
the government’s lack of attention to the basic needs of t he Yaquis, she
pointed to the rusted and vine-covered Conagua water tower and to the town’s source for purified water – both in a grave state of disrepair and
abandonment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 20.4pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 18.0pt;">For food, she told me that she relies
on the meager income her son makes working as a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">carbonero, </i>which, she explained, entails going out to the
scrublands, cutting mesquite, and then turning the gathered wood into charcoal.
“He comes home covered in soot, black all over. Terrible work, but there are no
other options for us,” she concluded. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 20.4pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 18.0pt;">In the Yaqui Valley, the Old Sonora
and the New Sonora live side by side. It is this contrast – between income,
access to water, control of land, and living conditions – that is the context
for the Yaqui water war. </span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 20.4pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 18.0pt;">It is a war, likely the first of many in Sonora, which
pits the Yaquis against the state government’s new water megaprojects – a
showdown between the old and new Sonoras. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i>Conagua's water storage tower in Vícam / Photo by Tom Barry</i></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
The eight pueblos initially all had names in the Yaqui language. Some like
Vícam are derivations of the original name, in this case Bikam. Some, like
Pótam, retain their original name. In the case of Belém or Pitaya, the original
Yaqui name (Béene) has faded into the past. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS 2.0" href="http://RSS_Feed_URL" /></div>Tom Barryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04737814362191331533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542500758583335073.post-77787930827223625352014-11-06T14:51:00.001-07:002014-11-16T16:40:58.226-07:00Old and New Sonora - Context for the New Water Wars of Sonora<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><i>Sonora Chronicles</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>Old Sonora and New Sonora</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDgSaTwFq53gtvj3bzJxZ7qMaBlcY3-d6ot_F2ECc9hPyMRfSbUVnBEQtCDQjCMfaTiqT2A7jC3Etvhz_Cg9jfBlQ6Avws5r7OnC1HJCG7INAavlSV7bS4DMH4QMchnfT8UQBtJECAOBtp/s1600/IMGP1510.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDgSaTwFq53gtvj3bzJxZ7qMaBlcY3-d6ot_F2ECc9hPyMRfSbUVnBEQtCDQjCMfaTiqT2A7jC3Etvhz_Cg9jfBlQ6Avws5r7OnC1HJCG7INAavlSV7bS4DMH4QMchnfT8UQBtJECAOBtp/s1600/IMGP1510.JPG" height="480" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><i>Still functioning Jesuit mission church in Yaqui village of Vícam / Photo by Tom Barry</i></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Old Sonora is out of sight, seldom visited, losing population –
and losing water. Water – the flows of the Sonora, Yaqui, and Mayo Rivers –
made the narrow valleys of eastern Sonora the social and economic core of the
territory. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Sonora has two distinct geographical personalities -- one in the
semi-arid to sub-humid east, and the other in the Sonoran Desert of arid western
Sonora where rainfall ranges from 4 to 12 inches annually.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="">[1]</a></span></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span></span> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Old Sonora lies to the east, semi-arid to semi-humid, mountainous,
and lined with narrow river valleys. New Sonora lies to the west, arid, largely
flat broken by severely eroded mountainous outcrops, and graced with coastal
plains formed by river deltas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Old Sonora had its origins in the eastern band of the state that
descends south from the U.S. border, paralleling the Sierra Madre Occidental.
New Sonora is modern Sonora. The new Sonora emerged in the heart of the Sonoran
Desert throughout in the western half of the state -- bordered by the Gulf of California to the west and the mountains and river valleys to the east. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Known as La Serrana (mountainous place), eastern Sonora hosts
series of north-south trending valleys paralleling the Sierra Madre Occidental
that where most of the territory’s indigenous population lived when the Spanish
arrived in the early to mid-1600s. Pimas and Opatas were the most populous and
prosperous of the indigenous societies found here when the Jesuit missionaries
ventured north from Sinaloa and the Yaqui Valley in the 1640s.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;">In the mid-1600s, the Spanish found as many as 100,000 Opatas
living in the thriving agricultural settlements along the Sonora River and
nearby river basins. According to scholars, the Opatas constituted the largest
indigenous group in Mexico’s vast northwest.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="">[2]</a></span></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span></span> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;">On the gravel terraces above the floodplain, the Jesuits
reconfigured the Opata, Pima, and several other related indigenous societies
into prosperous missions. The native communities had developed efficient
systems of ditch irrigation as well as floodplain farming – systems that the
Jesuits expanded into Spanish irrigation systems that included <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">acequias madres</i> and ditch gates. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Ruins of grist-stone wheat mills along the Río Sonora, Río San
Miquel, and Río Moctezuma (Río Oposura) linger as testaments to the Jesuit
determination not only to save pagan souls but also to alter the staples of
their diet – from corn to wheat, which was regarded by Spaniards as the staff
of life. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;">The mission churches that rise in the centers of such towns as Arizpe,
Moctezuma, and Banámichi remain as the most prominent reminders of eastern
Sonora’s colonial history. But the mule-powered gristmills of chiseled stone (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tahonas</i>) may be the most affecting
testaments of the transforming power of the Jesuit missions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-keCI7XD8CLXO3nM1u44lOGuAI0ajNyjSQK96r-GsooeiiWvbno4wFQ0KqNwu9KXYgcBCA0ogotrTyVStuJyHRceYDypDOz-B6uZM-DfUoH-taUO78I-8O8hNJHt0SYbUEVwBMU8uDon6/s1600/DSCF4763.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-keCI7XD8CLXO3nM1u44lOGuAI0ajNyjSQK96r-GsooeiiWvbno4wFQ0KqNwu9KXYgcBCA0ogotrTyVStuJyHRceYDypDOz-B6uZM-DfUoH-taUO78I-8O8hNJHt0SYbUEVwBMU8uDon6/s1600/DSCF4763.JPG" height="480" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><i>Bavispe River, the major tributary of the Yaqui River / Photo by Tom Barry</i></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Bread and wheat tortillas are not the only food legacies of the
Jesuits. Each mission introduced large-scale cattle ranching into eastern
Sonora – beginning the tragic history of overgrazing of the estancias
(grasslands) and the deterioration of fragile riparian and canyon ecosystems. A
shaft of wheat and a bull are two of the four (fish and a mine) economic icons
on Sonora’s coat of arms – with an image of a Yaqui deer dancer adorning the
shield’s center. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEJVguvHcuYDtSGB2sOlXJ8PQOr4ABqpyYTv_6OFlaev48r4T5XeRXNk8lIMntiN-Hxj_ZF0NeP6uh3zlaTjqe4X1R7KCUGneDxVDjPZSujE8cKikYK0CDwbJ79xjAXbN43KKNQB8oCnlZ/s1600/sonora+coat+of+arms.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEJVguvHcuYDtSGB2sOlXJ8PQOr4ABqpyYTv_6OFlaev48r4T5XeRXNk8lIMntiN-Hxj_ZF0NeP6uh3zlaTjqe4X1R7KCUGneDxVDjPZSujE8cKikYK0CDwbJ79xjAXbN43KKNQB8oCnlZ/s1600/sonora+coat+of+arms.gif" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;">The Jesuit missions in eastern Sonora became productive
agricultural ventures. Not only were these missions in eastern Sonora
self-supporting but they also produced a surplus of wheat and other crops. This
surplus of food commodities – the products indigenous labor working under
Jesuit supervision -- that fed the Spanish miners that began arriving in the
late 17<sup>th</sup> century, most crossing the Sierra Madre from the mining center in Parral, Chihuahua. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Virtually all the Spaniards living in La Serrana in the late 1600s
and early 1700s were Spanish miners, attracted to the mountains and canyons by
exposed veins of silver, copper, and gold. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;">The wealthy colonial town of Álamos in the south grew up around
the nearby silver mines, giving the city the reputation as being the “Silver
City” of Mexico’s north. During early years of the mining boom, Álamos briefly served
as capital of the entire state. The colonial town represented the accumulation
of much of the territory’s new wealth and was the home of its political elite. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;">The missions, mining, and mestizo colonization eroded and
eventually eliminated the indigenous presence in La Serrana. It should be
mentioned, too, that the continued growth of this region was increasingly
undercut, beginning in the late 1600s, by the raids of Apache bands from their
hidden camps in the Sierra Madre. The Spanish, Mexicans, and indigenous
communities were all victims of Apache plundering. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Before venturing north into the Opatería and the<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> rancherías</i> of the Pima Bajo people, the
Jesuits had established a network of successful missions first in the Mayo
Valley and after 1610 in the adjacent Yaqui Valley to the immediate north. Although
lying in the lowlands and outside of eastern Sonora, the Jesuit missions in the
Mayo and River deltas also constituted part of the Old Sonora – although today
these areas represent a tragic mix of old and new Sonoras. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Unlike the Pimas and Opatas, the Yaquis and Mayos mainly practiced
floodplain farming, not having developed the irrigation systems found in Opata
and Pima communities. The Yaquis – unlike the Opatas and Pimas – were also
hunter/gatherers and many depended on fishing in the sea and estuaries that
bordered the Yaqui homeland. This varied source of sustenance explains, in
part, the lack of ditch/canal irrigation in Yaqui society. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Old Sonora, bypassed by modernization and the creation of Sonora’s
hydraulic society, gave Sonora a persisting economic identity – as a state
based on the agriculture, mining, and ranching, although each of these sectors
has changed dramatically over the past three centuries. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;">By the 1850s the state’s agricultural centers had begun to shift to
the west and to the desert.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
incipient agribusiness sector – controlled largely by U.S. investors and
settlers – discarded the traditional floodplain farming and instead relied on a
network of dams, an extensive network of engineered irrigation canals, and
batteries of deep wells. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;">In the last few decades, cattle ranching – while still a potent
symbol of Sonora frontier life -- has increasingly become an avocation of the
wealthy and political elite, who typically are fond of the fast-growing but
highly invasive buffel grass and showy cowboy hats and boots. Mining has become
ever more environmentally destructive as the mining industry excavates ore at
increasing great depths. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsWetl7Je6RzjFjnArYyQw2aidozaHfvNCkv4OTEu04QpI9G1Y3S0v_HGXtxJbkL07VQ0wix0X-_ei66dTA3dIC-3tOKHWprVYQUxVF-mIQkJ-D9BddFdIMbHlxd-1WIki49k-CJ48Zd81/s1600/P1100229.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsWetl7Je6RzjFjnArYyQw2aidozaHfvNCkv4OTEu04QpI9G1Y3S0v_HGXtxJbkL07VQ0wix0X-_ei66dTA3dIC-3tOKHWprVYQUxVF-mIQkJ-D9BddFdIMbHlxd-1WIki49k-CJ48Zd81/s1600/P1100229.JPG" height="300" width="400" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i>Hermosillo, Sonora's state capital, spreads across the Sonoran Desert / Tom Barry</i></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;">For the most part, the arid western half of the state remained
sparsely populated for more than two centuries after the Spanish soldiers,
missionaries, and miners made their first appearance in Sonora. The Sonoran
Desert -- which forms a broad band that sweeps south from Arizona and converts
into semi-arid scrublands and thorn forests as the narrows at its narrow
southern border with Sinaloa – discouraged human settlement. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Average annual rainfall in the Sonoran Desert ranges from 4 to 12
–insufficient for non-irrigated farming. High summer temperatures – that
routinely rise to 120 degrees F. (45<sup>0</sup> C) and beyond in summer – also
limited human settlement. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;">“Water is life” – a common refrain among desert dwellers –
explained the absence of indigenous, Spanish, and Mexican settlements in the
Sonoran Desert. The semi-nomadic Seri people, a community of some 5,000
Yunan-speaking community (whose ancestors were likely immigrants from Baja
California), who live along the coast, were the prominent exception in the
virtually unpopulated expanses of Western Sonora. Farther north and inland, Tohono
O’odam -- known as the “Sand People” -- scratched out a precarious existence in
Sonora’s northwest – the acutely arid region north of the Gulf of California
where the Sonoran Desert reaches out toward the Colorado River delta. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Before the advent of gas- and electricity-driven water wells,
dams, cross-country irrigation canals, and aqueducts, the Sonora Desert imposed
severe limits on economic development and population growth. But economic
modernization has overcome, at least for the time being, the apparent limits of
nature, particularly with respect to water availability and distribution. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Today, however, New Sonora is the demographic and economic center
of the state. Whereas, Old Sonora was the demographic center of both
pro-Columbian and for the first 250 years of post-Columbian Sonora, less than
5% of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sonorenses</i> live and work in Old
Sonora today. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Of the state’s 72 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">municipios</i>,
there are just three (according to 2010 census) with a population of more than
10,0000 that are located in eastern Sonora: the old mining and current tourist
town of Álamos and the copper mining centers Cananea, and Nacozari de García.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="">[3]</a></span></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span></span> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Sonora’s most populated <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">municipios</i>
are found in the Sonoran Desert, including Agua Prieta, Caborca, Cajeme
(Ciudad Obregón), Empalme, Guaymas, Hermosillo, Nogales, Navojoa, Puerto
Peñasco, and San Luis Río Colorado. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16.0pt;">The New Sonora is teetering on the edge of unsustainability. The modern
Sonora that has bloomed in the desert depends on the unsustainable pumping of
groundwater and the diversion of flows from the already over-allocated river
basins of Old Sonora. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p> <i>(This is part of a series of reports on the impact of megaprojects on the indigenous communities of Chihuahua and Sonora, supported in part by generous funding of the Christensen Fund.)</i></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
For an excellent examination of Sonora’s split geography and how this geography
has shaped history and development in Sonora, see: Robert C. West, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sonora: Its Geographic Personality</i>
(Austin: University of Texas Press, 1993). <o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Doolittle, William E., “Settlements and the Development of ‘Statelets’ in
Sonora, Mexico,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Journal of Field
Archaeology</i>, II, 1984, pp. 13-24.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3542500758583335073#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="background: #F9F9F9; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Instituto
Nacional de Estadística Geografía e Informática (INEGI), Mexico, at: http://www.citypopulation.de/php/mexico-sonora.php</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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