The Ixil Triangle –the rugged mountain home of the Ixil Maya
in Guatemala’s Altiplano -- was the center of the Guatemalan Army’s counterinsurgency
campaign three decades ago. It was also a destination for progressive
writers, researchers, and photographers compelled to record the story of insurgency
and its horrific repression.
The unnerving trip past military patrols, checkpoints and newly
established garrisons, along with the roving military-sponsored civil patrols,
was out of the question for Guatemalan journalists and scholars. But we foreigners,
magically protected by our passports and connections (and sense of
invulnerability), could venture into this this massacre-marked land – into this
mountain-bound triangle defined by the towns of Nebaj, Chajul, and Cotzal.
There was much to report and photograph: abandoned hamlets, burnt-out Catholic churches,
the army’s “model villages,” the new presence of U.S. evangelicos, and the hauntingly empty stares of villagers and young peasant soldiers who had witnessed and perpetrated horrors.
Like many progressive activists and scholars indignant about
new U.S. interventionism in Central America, I traveled to the region, tracking
the trail of U.S. imperialism -- learning, expressing solidarity, and educating,
and protesting back home. But never going back. Not after the disintegration of
the resistance movements, the successes of the counterinsurgency campaigns, the
electoral defeat of the Sandinistas in Nicaragua, and the peace accords of the
mid-1990s. Moved on to other hot spots, other causes.
Fortunately, David Stoll, the author of a new book focused
on Nebaj, kept returning to Guatemala to tell the evolving story of the Ixil
people. El Norte or Bust! doesn’t tap the cachet of indigenous resistance, genocidal repression, or secret U.S.
collaboration with dictatorships that drew progressives to Guatemala in the
late 1970s and 1980s. The author establishes the context for the new
conjuncture of development projects, emigration, and integration into the
global culture and consumption, briefing the reader about the recent but fading
past of rebellion and repression, yet avoiding the temptation to recall the horrific time in much detail and evoke the
emotion, sentiment, and convictions that lingers from this period. It seems that the Ixils of Nebaj have mostly moved on, and so has Stoll.
Instead, Stoll has returned to investigate the inner
workings of micro finance – a subject that at first glance seems of interest only for development specialists, not for the general reader. The book’s subtitle, “How
Migration Fever and Microcredit Produced a Financial Crash in a Latin American
Town,” might strike one as a title best suited for an academic essay or doctoral
dissertation. Yet from the first page,
Stoll skillfully captures the reader with a story of the small Latin American town of
Nebaj that is immeasurably more linked to us today than it was in the early 1980s.
We should be thankful that Stoll didn’t abandon the region
like so many others, and that he brings to his research not only his rigorous
scholarship but also his ability to break through old paradigms of analysis -- all with an off-hand eloquence and frankness.
In El Norte or Bust!
there’s much to inform us – not only about the Ixil people have fared since the
war but also about the continuing links between America and the highlands of
Guatemala.
But Stoll’s contributions do more than inform. Like his
earlier books, Stoll’s El Norte or Bust!
shatters assumptions, destroys myths, and ushers in new frameworks of analysis
and understanding about such issues as immigration, globalization, and communitarian
indigenous society.
Stoll, a respected cultural anthropologist, brings together
the best of the techniques of scholarly research, investigative reporting, and feature journalism
to this important book.
Upon his return to Ixil a several years ago, Stoll found
that his inquiries about how Nebaj had changed in the intervening years led inevitably to “two sacred cows in the current pantheon of wishful thinking.”
Through interrelated stories of Ixil families, Stoll casts his penetrating gaze on microcredit (why not call it “micro-debt? Stoll asks) and wage-migration.
As the counterinsurgency war and Marxist-led rebellion came
to an end, the Ixil Triangle was flooded by NGOs bearing projects, many of
which were microcredit development initiatives, largely European. Stoll aptly
describes his book as a “fortuitous window on an obscure subject – how Guatemalan
peasants have used formal and informal credit to finance unauthorized migration
to the United States and, as a result, are now deeply in the hole.”
For those of us who follow immigration issues, it is
commonly understood that would-be immigrants need several thousand dollars to
pay for their trip north. Not so well understood, however (and never before so thoroughly
examined) is the back-story of where this money comes from -- and what happens
when these immigrants never make it to the other side, cannot find jobs or lose
their jobs in the United States, are deported, and are never able to pay back the debt that paid for
their trips north.
Although Stoll acknowledges that most of his field
experience has been in Nebaj, he observes: “The stories I hear suggest that
migration is a highly competitive process, not just in U.S. labor markets but
in the sending population, fueled by competition over land, inheritances, and scarce
opportunities for upward mobility.”
That much most immigration experts already knew -- although probably
wouldn’t have been able to state the process so succinctly. But then Stoll
takes us a step further, beyond where most immigration observers have gone: “The
stories I hear also suggest that migration is a process that runs on debt, with
migrants indebting themselves and their relatives to the migration stream in
ways that many are unable to repay. The debts not only enable migration but
pressure more people to go north, in a chain of exploitation that can suck more
value from the sending population than it returns.”
Most South-North migration in the Western Hemisphere, as
Stoll sees it, is best described as “low-wage” migration, and he makes a strong
case that it is unsustainable. His study of the mostly devastating impacts in
Nebaj (real estate bubbles, lost farms, indentured immigrant families hopelessly in debt, pyramid financing schemes, and more all in this remote Latin American town) -- especially leading up to and following the 2007-08 U.S. financial crash
– provides a powerful argument.
But his macro argument is even more persuasive. Listen, especially
as the
immigration reform debate begins again in the United States:
For me, and for the Guatemalans…the
most important issue is whether the U.S. economy can give them a living wage.
Employment is the key: if they can find a job at something like a living wage,
then most of the problems raised in this book will resolve themselves or at
least be manageable. Thus if you think the U.S. economy can provide tens of
millions of good jobs for a rapidly growing population, then immigrants like the
Nebajenses have a good chance of paying their debts, contributing to the U.S.
economy and helping their families back home.
If on the other hand you think the
U.S. economy faces serious constraints, that it will be an uphill struggle to
provide living wages for our existing population let alone large numbers of
immigrants, then our low-wage migration streams have become yet another
unsustainable business model.”
While the context is the link between debt and migration,
Stoll doesn’t let the traditional constraints of academic research box him in; and again, we should be grateful. Some of the most powerful sections of the book
take apart the myths of indigenous communitarianism, reveal the plight of the
Ixil women in a deeply patriarchal culture, dare to discuss over population and "surplus siblings," detail the ugly blowback of immigration streams in Guatemala, and draw
the connections between the microeconomics of Nebaj and the pyramid schemes and
structures of global capitalism.
El Norte or Bust!
is an eye-opening book – a must-read for all
sympathetic observers of immigrants and their options, and for all of
those who left Central America behind.
Rowan & Littlefield Publishers, 2013
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